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ANP1107 > The Kidney > Flashcards

The Kidney Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

Why are the kidneys so important?

A

Salt/Water Balance
Regulation of blood ion concentrations
Acid-Base Balance
Excrete metabolic wastes, drugs and toxins
Red Blood Cell Production and Renin (blood pressure)
Convert vitamin D to active form

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2
Q

Where is the kidney housed?

A

the Peritoneal cavity

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3
Q

Explain the location of kidneys as they pertain to the spinal vertebra.

A

T12 - L3

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4
Q

The kidneys are mostly protected by the ribs except some of the right kidney. Explain why?

A

The liver pushes the right kidney lower in the peritoneal cavity, so some of it sits below the rib cage.

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5
Q

Where are the adrenal glands in relation to the kidneys?

A

Adrenal glands sit on top of the kidneys

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6
Q

The renual hilum is found on the ______ _____ of the kidney

A

outside cleft

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7
Q

The renal sinus is located in the _____ _____ of the kidney

A

internal space

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8
Q

What are the 3 layers of supportive tissue of the kidney

A
  1. Renal (fibrous) casual
  2. Perirenal Fat Capsule
  3. Renal Fascia
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9
Q

What is Renal Ptosis?

A

A condition in which they kidney drops down into the pelvis when the patients stands up.

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10
Q

Name 3 structures in the internal anatomy of the kidey.

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Medulla
  3. Pelvis
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11
Q

Describe the renal fascia

A

An outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney and the adrenal gland to surrounding structures

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12
Q

Describe the perirenal fat capsule

A

A fatty mass that surrounds the kidney and cushions it against blows

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13
Q

Describe the fibrous capsule

A

a transparent capsule that prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidney.

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14
Q

The lower part of the right kidney is no more susceptible to blunt trauma than the rest of the kidney.
True or False

A

False
The lower part of the right kidney is more susceptible to blunt trauma because it is not protected by the ribs

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15
Q

Why is hematuria after a trauma significant?

A

Blood in the urine after a trauma is important because it can signify damage to the kidneys from the trauma.

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16
Q

Describe the apearance of the renal cortex

A

is light in colour and has a granular appearance due to the presence of nephrons

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17
Q

What is the role of the renal cortex?

A

filtering blood and forming urine

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18
Q

Describe the appearance of the renal medulla

A

reddish-brown in colour consisting of cone shaped massses

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19
Q

Where are the medullary pyramids?

A

cone-shaped masses found in the renal medulla

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20
Q

Why do the medullary pyramids appear striped?

A

Because they are formed entirely of parallel bundles of urine-collecting tubules and capilliaries

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21
Q

What separates the medullary pyramids?

A

The renal columns

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22
Q

Describe the renal pelvis

A

a funnel shapped tube continuous with the ureter leaving the hilum. Branching extensions of the renal pelvis form two or three major calyces

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23
Q

What is the function of the major calyces?

A

Collect urine and drain into the renal pelvis

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24
Q

Describe what happens to urine from the calyces to the bladder.

A

Calyces collect urine, and drain it into the papillae and empty into the renal pelvis. The urine flows through renal pelvis and into the ureter, which moves into the bladder`

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25
how is urine propelled?
smooth muscles of the calyces, pelvis and ureter propel urine by peristalsis
26
What is polynephritis
infection or inflammation that affects the kidney
27
Under normal conditions the large renal arteries deliver ____ of the total cardiac output to the kidneys which is about 1.2L each minute
1/4th
28
The right renal artery is longer than the left because the aorta lies to the left of the midline and the renal arteries exit at right angels from the abdominal aorta. True or False
True
29
Each renal artery that approaches the kidney divides into ___ segmental arteries
5
30
Veins leave the kidney by tracing the arterial supply. True or False
True
31
Describe the pathway of blood leaving the kidney
drains into the cotical radiate--> arcuate --> interloper and finally into the renal
32
The renal vein exits the kidney and empties into the _____ _____ ____
inferior vena cava
33
What is the renal plexus
a network od autonomic nerve fibers and ganglia that provides the nerve supply of the kidney and its ureter
34
The renal plexus is supplied by ______ and ______ splanchnic nerves
thoracic and lumbar
35
The sympathtetic vasomotor fobers regulate renal blood flow by adjusting the _______ of renal arterioles and also influences the formation of urine by the nephron
diameter
36
Zach is hit in the lower back by a hard ball. What protects his kidneys from this mechanical trauma?
the lower part of the ribs and perirenal fat capsule
37
From inside out, list the three layers of supportive tissue that surround each kidney. Where is the parietal peritoneum in relation to these layers?
The layers of supportive tissue around each kidney are the fibrous capsule, the perirenal fat capsule and the renal fascia. The parietal peritoneum overlies the anterior renal fascia
38
The lumen of the ureter is continuous with a space inside the kidney. This space has branching extensions. What is the name of this space and its extensions?
The renal pelvis has extensions called calyces
39
Which kidney structure merges with the ureter
The renal pelvis
40
From inside to outside, select the correct order of the supportive tissues that surround each kidney.
fibrous capsule -- perirenal fat capsule -- renal fascia
41
What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney
the nephron
42
Each neprhon consists of a ___ ___ and a _____ ____
Renal corpuscle and Renal Tubule
43
The renal corpuscle are located in the _____
renal cortex
44
The renal tubule begin in the cortex and then pass into the _____ before returning to the cortex
medulla
45
Describe what is contained in the renal corpuscle?
capillaries called a glomerulus and a cup-shaped hollow structure called a bowman's capsule
46
The endothelium of the glomerular capillaries is fenestrated, which makes these capillaries exceptionally porous. Why is this an important property of the glomerulus?
allows large amounts of solute-rich but protein-free fluid to pass from the blood into the glomerular capsule. This filtrate is the raw material that the renal tubules process to make urine
47
Describe the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule
simple squamous epithelium that contributes to the structure. Plays no part in forming filtrate
48
Describe the visceral layer of the glomerular Capsule
consists of highly modified, branching epithelial cells called podocytes that allows filtrates to enter the capsular space
49
What lays between the blood in the glomerulus and the filtrate in the capsular space
filtration membrane
50
What are the 3 major parts of the renal tubule?
1. proximal convoluted tubule 2. distal convoluted tubule 3. nephron loop
51
Filtrate from the renal corpuscle passes through the _____ convoluted tubule first then the ____ convoluted tubules
proximal convoluted tubule then distal convoluted tubules
52
Explain the brush border of the proximal convoluted tubule
increases the surface area and capacity for reabsorbing water and solutes from the filtrate and secreting substances into it
53
The nephron loop has ________ and _______ limbs
descending and ascending
54
The proximal part of the descending limb is continuous with the ______ ______
Proximal tubule
55
What does the the descending thin limb consist of?
simple squamous epithelium
56
The epithelium becomes cuboidal or columnar in the ________ part of the nephron loop
ascending
57
Are the epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule different than the proximal convoluted tubule
Yes, they are cuboidal like the PCT, but they are confined to the cortex and thinner. They also lack microvilli
58
Each collecting duct contains two cell types:
1. principal cells 2. intercalated cells
59
The principal cells have short microvilli and are responsible for maintaining the body's _____ and ______ balance
Water and Sodium (Na+)
60
The intercalated cells are cuboidal and have an abundant amount of microvilli. They are further dividided into two varieties known as Types ____ and Types ___
Types A and Types B
61
The role of intercalated cell type A and type N is to maintain ______-______ ______ of the blood
acid-base balance
62
The collecting ducts will recieve filtrate from many nephrons. They run side by side through the ________ ______, giving them their striped appearace
medullary pyramids
63
As the collecting ducts approach the renal pelvis they ____ together and deliver urine into the minor calyces via papillae of the pyramids
fuse
64
Name the 2 major groups of Nephrons
1. Cortical Nephrons 2. Juxtamedullary Nephrons
65
The ____ ______ account for 85% of the neprhons in the kidney. Except for small parts of their nephron loop that dip into the outter medulla, they are loacted entirely in the _____
Cortical Nephrons are entirely located in the cortex
66
The Juxtamedullary nephrons originate close to the _____-______ junction, and they play and important role in the kidney's ability to produce urine that is ______
cortex-medulla. The role of the juxtamedullary nephrons is to produce urine that is concentrated ( conserves water)
67
Explain the first capillary bed the glomerulus
specializes in filtration. It is both fed and drained by arterioles.
68
There is a high pressure in the glomerulus is needed for filtration which produces a large amount of fluid. ____% of this fluid is reabsorbed by the renal tubule cells and returned to the blood.
99%
69
Filtrate in the glomerular capsule empties into which structure?
Proximal convoluted tubule
70
describe the juxtamedullary nephron
The glomerulus likes close to the cortex-medulla junction
71
Name the tubular components of a nephron in the order that filtrate passes through them
72
73
What are the structural differences between juxtamedullary and cortical nephron and between their capillary beds
74
What type of capillaries are the glomerular capillaries? and what is their function?
75
What are the components of filtration
Glomerulus Bowman's Capsule togetherer = renal corpuscle
76
PCT--Nephron loop - DCT- Collecting Duct --- Papillary duct --- minor calyx
77
What two types of cells around found in the collecting ducts
1. principal cells (sparse microvili; salt/Water Balance) 2. Intercalated cells (abundant microvilli, acid-base balance)
78
What is the function of the glomerulus?
specialized for filtration - both fed and drained by arterioles
79
Arterioles are
high resistance vessels
80
What difference does afferent arterials have
larger diameter
81
what are peritubular capillaries?
arise from efferent arteriols that drain into renal venules
82
What is the vasa recta, and where is it found?
Lone hairpin-shaped blood vessels that run parallel to the loops of Henle. The shape of the vessel slows the flow of blood which helps maintain the osmotic gradient required for water reabsorption
83
describe the structural organization of the juxtaglomerular complex
it is at the junction of early DCT and afferent/efferent arteriorles regulate renal function arteriole wallsL granular cells (JG cells) - enlarged smooth muscle cells - mechanoreceptors and renin tubule wall: macula densa cells - chemo or osmoreceptors that monitor filtrate and adjust GFR accordingly
84
The JGC regulates
filtrate information and systemic blood pressure
85
what is trigone and why is it important
86
What are the 2 primary functions of the kidney
filters several litres of fluid from bloodstream daily - toxins, metabolic waste, excessive ions leave the body in urine - materials still needed by the body are returned to the bloodstream
87
What does A WET BED stand for
A = acid-base balance W = water removal E= erythropoesis T = Toxin Removal B = blood pressure control E = Electrolyte Balance D = Vitamin D Activation
88
What constitutes filtrate
plasma - proteins
89
What does urine consist of
filtrate - nutrients, essential ions and H2)
90
Kidneys process 180L fluid/day. From this only ____ is urine
about 1%
91
What are the other 3 major renal processes
1. glmerular filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption 3. tubular secretion

ANP1107 (5 decks)

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