Renal Physiology Flashcards
(99 cards)
Wegenerallyconsumeabout —- to —%moresaltandwaterperdaythanw e wouldneed(tomakeupforlossesthroughsweat,exhaledmoisture,andvia thefaces)ona naverageday.
20-25%
The kidneys, Both weigh —-i.e.— % of body weight.
300g
0.4%
Has a longitudinal slit called the —- which open into a shallowflattened C-shaped space-——-.
Hilus
Renal sinus
Hilus is occupied mainly by the
Renal pelvis
Minor calyxes join together to form
Major calyxes
Structures entering and leaving the kidneys include
Entering- renal artery and nerves
Leaving- renal vein , lymphatic vessels and ureter
A section of the Kidney shows 2 zones:
State their names and colors
The junction between the two zones is called—-
- An outer reddish brown zone called the cortex
- An inner paler striated zone called the medulla.
Corticomedullary junction
The cortex is made up of mainly
Highly convoluted proximal and distal tubules
The medulla has a striated look due to the presence of ——
Medullary pyramids
Medulla is divided into multiple cone shaped masses called
Renal pyramids
Base of each renal pyramid originates at the border between the —— and ——, and terminates in the ——
Cortex and medulla
Papilla
Each kidney is made up of how many nephrons
1-1.4 million
——— is the functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
List the types of nephrons, where they are located, where they originate from, and how many percentage of the total nephron they make up
Cortical
- superficially located
- originate from outer 2/3rd of the cortex
- more numerous
-forms 85% of total nephron
Juxtamedullary
- located deeper with longer LH
- originates from the inner 1/3rd of the cortex
- forms 15% of total nephron
——— and ——— forms the malphighian or renal corpuscles
Glomerulus and bowman’s capsule
———— is the internally dilated part of the nephron and it contains the glomerulus which is formed by the invergination ofa tuft of capillaries
Bowman’scorpuscle
The bowman’s corpuscle has a diameter of app —— um.The glomerular capillaries are supplied by ——-and drained by a ———
200um
Afferent arteriole
Smaller efferent arteriole
The glomerular capillary membrane has 3 major layers:
—————:-fenestratedwith pores of ~70-90nm indiameter.
————— found in-between the first two layers.
—————- -have numerous pseudopodia that interdigitate to form filtration slits or slits pores of~ 25nm wide.
In b/w the endothelium and the basal lamina are cells called the ——— cells - are contractile and help in regulation of glomerular filtration.
The glomerular capillary membrane has 3 major layers:
Capillary endothelium:-fenestratedwith pores of ~70-90nm indiameter.
A basement membrane basal laminar found in-between the first two layers.
Epithelial cells (Pondocytes)-have numerous pseudopodia that interdigitate to form filtration slits or slits pores of~ 25nm wide.
In b/w the endothelium and the basal lamina are cells called the mesangial cells - are contractile and help in regulation of glomerular filtration
The glomerular capillary membrane has 3 major layers:
Capillary endothelium:-fenestratedwith pores of ~— to —nm indiameter.
A basement membrane basal laminar found in-between the first two layers.
Epithelial cells (Pondocytes)-have numerous pseudopodia that interdigitate to form ——— or ——— of~ — nm wide.
In b/w the ——— and the ——— are cells called the mesangial cells - are contractile and help in regulation of glomerular filtration
The glomerular capillary membrane has 3 major layers:
Capillary endothelium:-fenestratedwith pores of ~70-90nm indiameter.
A basement membrane basal laminar found in-between the first two layers.
Epithelial cells (Pondocytes)-have numerous pseudopodia that interdigitate to form filtration slits or slits pores of~ 25nm wide.
In b/w the endothelium and the basal lamina are cells called the mesangial cells - are contractile and help in regulation of glomerular filtration
РСТ
• Made up of a —— layer of cells.
Made up of ——- cells
• Millions of ———(which increases the surface area for absorption).
• ——— mitochondria.
• —— surface of the cell bulge into the tubular lumen.Between the bases of the cells are —— spaces
• Convoluted part is called ———
РСТ
• Made up of a single layer of cells.
Simple cuboidal
• Millions of microvilli(which increases the surface area for absorption).
• High density mitochondria.
• Apical surface of the cell bulge into the tubular lumen.Between the bases of the cells are lateral spaces
• Convoluted part is called pars convoluta.
L.H
Descending thick limb(pars recta of the ——), descending thin limb and ascending thick limb(pars recta of ——)
• The cells are ——,—— and —- with ——— mitochondria.
The cells of the LH are made up of ——-
Glomerulus in the outer part of the cortex with short LH…—— nephron.Those with the glomerulus in the juxtaglomerular part of the cortex has long LH.. ———— nephron.
The thick ascending limb of the LH:cells are ——,mitochondria are ———.
• The tubules passes close to the afferent and efferent arterioles where the ——— epithelium are modified histological to form ———. In the afferent arterioles are the ——cell / —— cells,which together with the macular densa and the lacis cells are known as the ———.
L.H
Descending thick limb(pars recta of the P.C.T.), descending thin limb and ascending thick limb(pars recta of D.C.T)
• The cells are attenuated,flattened and thin with only few scattered mitochondria.
The cells of the LH are simple squamous
Glomerulus in the outer part of the cortex with short LH…cortical nephron.Those with the glomerulus in the juxtaglomerular part of the cortex has long LH.. Juxtaglomerular nephron.
The thick ascending limb of the LH:cells are cuboidal,mitochondria are numerous.
• The tubules passes close to the afferent and efferent arterioles where the tubular epithelium are modified histological to form Macula densa. In the afferent arterioles are the granular cell / juxtaglomerular cells,which together with the macular densa and the lacis cells are known as the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
DCT
• Shorter than PCT,few ——— with basal structure similar to PCT.
• Infolding of the cell membrane.——- mitochondria.
• ——-presence of mitochondria.
Epithelium is composed of—— type of cells
CD
• Average length of~ —- to — nm and diameter of~——u.
• Theepitheliumismadeupofcellsare are made up of the ——— cells , and ——-cells
• —— cells:involve in Na reabsorption and ADH water stimulate water reabsorption.
• —— cells are fewer and concerned with acid secretion and HCO3- Transport.
• In the interstitium of the medulla are secretory cells called of the “———”.
DOT
• ShorterthanPCT,fewmicrovilliwith basalstructuresimilartoPCT.
• Infoldingo fthecellmembrane.Few mitochondria.
• Densepresenceo fmitochondria.
Simple cuboidal
CD
• Averagelengtho f~ 20-22nmand diameterof~200u.
• Theepitheliumismadeupofcellsare aremadeu poftheprincipalcell( Pcells)
, andintercalatedcells(Icells).
• P cells:involvei nN areabsorptionand ADHwaterstimulatewaterreabsorption.
• I cellsarefewerandconcernedwithacid secretionandHCO3- Transport.
• I nt h einterstitiumo ft h emedullaa r e secretory cells called of the “type I medullary interstial cells”.
Blood supply.
• About — to —% of cardiac output
List the divisions starting from renal artery
22-25%
Renal artery, segmental, interlobar, arcuate, interlobular, afferent, efferent, peritubular capillary, venules, interlobular vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, renal vein
List 10 functions of the kidney
-Regulation of body water
- regulation of body electrolytes
- regulation of arterial BP
- production of prostaglandin
- regulation of RBC production
- activation of Vit D to active form
- regulation of blood pH
- gluconeogenesis
- excretion of waste products of metabolism
- excretion of foreign chemicals like pesticides
- secretion of hormones
