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The Mediverse 2.2 > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

How many layers does the skin have?

A

2
Epidermis
Dermis

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2
Q

How many layers does the Epidermis have?

A

5

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3
Q

The innermost layer of the Epidermis is called ______________

A

Stratum Basale

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4
Q

Merkel cells are found in what layer of the Epidermis?

A

Stratum Basale

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5
Q

Melanocytes are found in what layer of the Epidermis?

A

Stratum spinosum

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6
Q

What layer of the Epidermis is only found on thick parts of the skin?

A

Stratum Lucidum

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7
Q

The outermost layer of the Epidermis is called ____________

A

Stratum Corneum

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8
Q

Mast cells are located in what part of the skin?

A

The dermis

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9
Q

Sebaceous glands secrete _____________ to lubricate the skin

A

Sebum

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10
Q

What is the major difference between Apocrine sweat glands and Eccrine sweat glands?

A

Apocrine sweat glands open into the hair follicles and occur in areas of the body with lots of hair

Eccrine sweat glands open onto the skin’s surface and occur over most of the body

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11
Q

_______________ is a band of smooth muscle that attaches to hair follicles, controlling hair movement

A

Arrector Pili muscle

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12
Q

The dermis is otherwise called ____________

A

True skin

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13
Q

The skin receives _________ ratio of cardiac output

A

⅓ of cardiac output

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14
Q

The skin is ________% waterproof

A

90

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15
Q

The skin is ________kg in weight

A

3

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16
Q

The skin covers __________ in diameter

A

9000cm²

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17
Q

The dermis is divided into _______ and ___________ portions

A

Papillary
Reticular

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18
Q

What causes white hair in humans?

A

Absence of pigment and air bubbles in hair shaft

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19
Q

What causes grey hair in humans?

A

Absence of pigment

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20
Q

Sebaceous glands secretion is under the control of the ______________ system

A

Endocrine

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21
Q

Sebaceous glands secretion increases at _________________ and decreases during _________________

A

Puberty
Late Pregnancy

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22
Q

Sebaceous glands are absent in what parts of the body?

A

Palms and Soles

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23
Q

Sweat is odourless
True/False

A

True
Odour in sweat is due to the action of bacteria

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24
Q

The human body operates at what temperature?

A

37°C

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25
Humans are a. Warm blooded creatures b. Cold blooded creatures
Warm blooded creatures
26
What part of the brain measures the temperature of blood?
Hypothalamus
27
What role do sweat glands play in temperature regulation?
They secrete sweat that cools the body when it's too hot
28
In a case of low body temperature, blood vessels ____________ to return temperature to normal
Vasoconstrict
29
An abnormal rise in temperature above normal range is called _____________
Fever
30
The artificial decrease of body temperature during heart surgery to stop the heart and depress cell metabolism is a process called __________________
Artificial hypothermia
31
Body fluids are broadly compartmentalized into _____ compartments
2 Intracellular Extracellular
32
Fluids found within the cell are called ___________
Intracellular fluids
33
The cytoplasm of a cell is composed of two parts __________ and _____________
Cytosol and Cell organelles
34
What are Extracellular Fluids?
These are fluids found outside cells
35
Intravascular and Interstitial fluids are subdivisions of _____________ fluids
Extracellular
36
Differentiate between Intravascular and Interstitial fluids
Intravascular fluids are fluids found within blood vessels Interstitial fluids are fluids that lie outside blood vessels
37
Fluids found in chambers created by epithelial linings are called _______________ fluids
Transcellular
38
The following are examples of transcellular fluids except: a. Synovial fluid b. Blood c. Urinary fluid d. Cerebrospinal fluid e. Pleural fluid
b. **Blood**
39
Total blood fluid is _______ liters
42
40
Intracellular fluids make up about ______ liters of total body fluids
28
41
Extracellular fluids make up about ____ liters of total body fluids
14
42
Blood enters into the kidney through the _____________
Renal artery
43
The kidneys make up ______ % of total body weight
0.5
44
The structural and functional unit of the kidney is ______________
Nephron
45
The kidney receives ________ percent of the body's cardiac output
25
46
What is the main function of the kidney?
Filtration of blood for the production of Urine.
47
Filtration of blood occurs in what part of the kidney
The Glomerulus
48
Major reabsorption of nutrients occurs in what part of the kidney?
The proximal convoluted tubule
49
The nephrotic loop is also referred to as _______________
The loop of Henle
50
The nephron is made up of two main parts, namely;
Renal corpuscle Renal tubule
51
Blood vessels surrounding the renal tubules are referred to as ___________
Peritubular capillaries
52
Blood leaving the glomerulus travels into a venule. True/False
False Blood leaving the glomerulus travels into an **Efferent arteriole**
53
The volume of blood filtered through the Glomerulus of both kidneys per minute is called _____________________
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
54
The Glomerulus allows the passage of plasma proteins, red blood cells and solutes. True/False
False The Glomerulus**does not** permit the passage of plasma proteins and reb blood cells. Plasma and solutes however, are permitted through
55
Renal blood flow is inversely proportional to ________________
Arteriolar resistance
56
Renal blood flow is directly proportional to __________________
Blood pressure
57
__________________ and _______________ hormones act to increase arteriolar resistance
Angiotensin II Adrenaline
58
Adrenaline is secreted from the adrenal gland in response to ___________
Sympathetic stimulation
59
Angiotensin II is synthesized in response to ______________
Low blood pressure
60
How is Angiotensin II produced from Angiotensinogen
JG cells in afferent arterioles of kidney produce Renin Renin cleaves Angiotensin I from Angiotensinogen produced in the liver Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II by Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
61
Prostaglandin E2 and I2 are secreted during sympathetic stimulation for what purpose?
To dilate the afferent and efferent arterioles to ensure blood flow doesn't get too low even in Fight or Flight situations
62
Local mechanisms within the kidney that keep GFR and renal blood flow constant despite varying systemic blood pressures are known as
Renal Autoregulation
63
The two autoregulation mechanisms are _________________ and ________________
Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular mechanism
64
The tubuloglomerular mechanism of autoregulation is associated with _________________ in the tubules
Salt concentration
65
_________________ are specialized cells found in the distal convoluted tubule that serve as salt sensors
Macula Densa cells
66
Macula Densa cells secrete _____________ in response to high salt levels
Adenosine
67
Adenosine inhibits the secretion of _____________ from Juxtaglomerular cells
Renin
68
Macula Densa cells secrete _________ in response to low salt levels
Prostaglandin
69
The force exerted by fluids on the walls of their containers is called _____________
Hydrostatic pressure
70
The force exerted by plasma proteins on the walls of the compartment in which they are contained is called _________
Oncotic pressure
71
Normal human urine consists of ___________% water
95
72
The process of urine formation is carried out in how many phases?
3
73
The first phase of urine formation is ________
Glomerular filtration
74
The endothelium of glomerular blood vessels possess fenestrations that restrict the passage of ______________
Blood cells
75
What is Net filtration pressure?
This is expressed by pressures favouring filtration minus pressure opposing filtration
76
What is the relationship between GFR and Net filtration pressure?
GFR= Kf * NFP Where Kf is the filtration coefficient
77
Selective reabsorption is regulated by hormones _________________ and ______________
Aldosterone Vasopressin/ADH
78
What is micturition?
This is the process of passing urine out of the body
79
The ureter connects to the ____________ part of the bladder
Posterior
80
The bladder is lined with ________________ epithelium
Transitional
81
Urine leaves the bladder through the _____________
Urethra
82
Urine is prevented from leaking from the bladder due to two rings of muscles called _______________ and ______________
Internal urinary sphincter External urinary sphincter
83
Which of the urinary sphincters is voluntary?
External urinary sphincter
84
The male urethra is divided into ________________, _______________ and _______________
Prostatic urethra Membranous urethra Spongy urethra
85
The bladder walls are made of muscles called ______________
Detrusor muscles
86
What gender is likely to contract urinary tract infections and why?
The female gender This is because the female urinary tract is more exposed to the outside than the urinary tract of males.
87
________________ in the brain senses the osmolarity of blood that comes in contact with it
The 3rd ventricle
88
Water is regulated in the nephron by what hormone?
Vasopressin
89
ADH is synthesized in what part of the body?
Hypothalamus

The Mediverse 2.2 (13 decks)

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