Renal Structure And Function

Question 1

How much urine does a human produce in 24 hours

Answer 1

1..5 litres

Question 2

What 2 factors may decrease renal excretion of fluid

Answer 2

Increased sweating
Respiration

Question 3

What is the approximate weight of the kidney

Answer 3

130-150g

Question 4

What is the kidney surrounded by

Answer 4

Protective tissue capsule

Question 5

Where is blood filtered

Answer 5

In the cortex

Question 6

What does the medulla contain

Answer 6

Nephrons and where urine is produced

Question 7

What are the 3 supportive tissue layers surrounding the kidney

Answer 7

Renal capsule - deep
Adipose tissue - middle
Renal fascia - superficial

Question 8

Where is the hilum area in the kidney

Answer 8

On the concave surface shape

Question 9

What happens at the hilum in the kidney

Answer 9

Renal artery, renal vein nerve and ureter enter/leave

Question 10

What are the 3 internal regions of the kidney

Answer 10

Cortex
Medulla
Pelvis

Question 11

What are the 4 structures internally of the kidney

Answer 11

Renal column
Renal pyramid
Papilla
Minor/major calyx

Question 12

What is the blood supply to the kidney

Answer 12

Renal artery
Renal vein

Question 13

What are 5 excretion products from the kidneys

Answer 13

Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
End products of haemoglobin breakdown
Drugs and food additives

Question 14

What are the 3 main processes which enable the kidney to filter blood

Answer 14

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

Question 15

What vessel brings blood into the glomerulus

Answer 15

The afferent arteriole

Question 16

What vessel carries the rest of the blood out that hasn’t been filtered by the glomerulus

Answer 16

The efferent arteriole

Question 17

What is the glomerulus composed of

Answer 17

A web of arterioles and capillaries

Question 18

What are the 4 main functions of the kidney

Answer 18

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion

Question 19

What are the 3 major layers within the capillary

Answer 19

Endothelium
Basement membrane
Podocytes

Question 20

What 3 aspects does the bowman’s capsule contain

Answer 20

An innermost fenestrated vascular endothelium
The glomerular basement membrane
Podocyte cells layer

Question 21

What are the 4 main components of the glomerular basement membrane

Answer 21

Type IV collagen
Laminin
Nidogen
Proteoglycans

Question 22

Where are podocytes found

Answer 22

Wrapped around the capillaries of the glomerulus

Question 23

What do podocytes do

Answer 23

Assist the glomerulus to act as a sieve facilitating the formation of an ultrafiltrate
- small molecules into nephron
- larger molecules retained in blood

Question 24

What type of epithelium are podocytes

Answer 24

Visceral epithelial cells (specialised epithelial cells)

Question 25

What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Answer 25

Describes the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney

Question 26

What is the GFR equation

Answer 26

The glomerular permeability x net filtration pressure

Question 27

What is the equation to find out the permeability of the capillary

Answer 27

GFR/net filtration pressure

Question 28

What is the cause of afferent arteriolar constriction

Answer 28

Low GFR Low RBF low Pgc

Question 29

What is afferent arteriolar constriction due to

Answer 29

Renin/adenosine

Question 30

What is the cause of efferent arteriolar constriction

Answer 30

Increased GFR and Pgc and decreased renal blood flow

Question 31

What is the efferent arteriolar constriction due to

Answer 31

ANG II

Question 32

What is the cause of efferent arteriolar dilation

Answer 32

Decreased GFR and Pgc and increased RBF

Question 33

What is efferent arteriolar dilation due to

Answer 33

Parasympathetic activation

Question 34

How does low GFRs impact the body

Answer 34

The ability to excrete drugs

Question 35

What are tubules in the kidney lined by

Answer 35

Columnar epithelial cells with micro villi

Question 36

What does the proximal convoluted tubule do

Answer 36

Reabsorbs molecules filtered in the glomeruli allows the conservation of protein and vital molecules

Question 37

What percentage of molecules does the PCT reabsorb

Answer 37

70-80%

Question 38

What is the descending limb loop of henle permeable to

Answer 38

Water Mostly thinner

Question 39

What is the ascending limb loop of henle permeable to

Answer 39

Ions Mostly thicker

Question 40

After the loop of henle what solution does it leave behind

Answer 40

A dilute, hypotonic urine but hypertonic interstitial fluid

Question 41

What is the juxta-glomerular apparatus

Answer 41

A region where the distal convoluted tubule lies against the afferent arteriole feeding the glomerulus

Question 42

What do juxtaglomerular cells do

Answer 42

Produce renin and act as mechanoreceptors - sense arteriolar blood pressure

Question 43

What is macula densa

Answer 43

Distal tubule cells which act as chemoreceptors/osmoreceptors respond to change in sodium concentration stimulates JG cells to release renin when they detect a drop in chloride concentration

Question 44

What happens at the distal convoluted tubule

Answer 44

Fine tuning of tubular resorption Important role in acid base balance

Question 45

What is the collecting duct impermeable to

Answer 45

Water but becomes permeable in response to ADH

Question 46

What is the lower region of the collecting duct permeable to

Answer 46

Urea allowing some reabsorption maintaining high ion concentration

Question 47

What type of of urine passes on to the bladder

Answer 47

Hypertonic

Question 48

What affect does aldosterone have on the kidney

Answer 48

Cells of the cortical collecting tubules Stimulated Na/K - ATPase and increase NA reabsorption and K secretion

Question 49

What affect does angiotensin II have on the kidney

Answer 49

Promotes NA rention Stimulates aldosterone Constricts efferent arterioles Reduces peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure Stimulates NA/K-ATPase in the PCT, loop of henle, DCT and collecting tubes

Question 50

What affect does antidiuretic hormone have on the kidney

Answer 50

Controls water reabsorption/excretion Increases water permeability of DCT and collecting tubules Increases permeability to urea in the medullary collecting tubule Helps conserve water during dehydration

Question 51

What 3 hormones control of Ca2+ metabolism on the kidney

Answer 51

PTH 1.25 dihydroxycholecalciferol Calcitonin

Question 52

What affect does natriuretic peptides have on the kidney

Answer 52

Produced by cardiac cells Promote Na secretion in the collecting duct

Question 53

What are the 3 composed layers of the ureter

Answer 53

Inner mucosa Muscular layer Adventitia

Question 54

What forces urine to travel through the renal pelvis

Answer 54

Perisaltic waves force urine to the ureters Distension of the ureters stimulate their contraction propelling urine to the bladder

Question 55

What are the 3 consisting in the bladder

Answer 55

Mucosa Muscular layer Fibrous adventitia

Question 56

How much urine can the bladder hold

Answer 56

500-600 ml

Question 57

What epithelium is the urethra

Answer 57

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 58

What is the internal urethral sphincter composed of

Answer 58

Smooth muscle

Question 59

What is the external urethral sphincter composed of

Answer 59

Skeletal muscle