Renal System SEM2

Question 1

What is the main function of the kidneys

Answer 1

Where filtrate is processed; either reclaimed or excreted as urine

Question 2

What is the role of the renal cortex

Answer 2

Filtration and bulk processing

Question 3

What is the role of the renal medulla

Answer 3

Fine tuning for body homeostasis

Question 4

What is the papilla of the kidney

Answer 4

Where urine is collected

Question 5

What does the cortex of the kidney consist of

Answer 5

-all glomeruli
-convoluted tubules
-cortical collecting ducts

Question 6

What does the medulla of the kidney consist of

Answer 6

-loops of Henle
-medulla collecting ducts

Question 7

What do the renal lobes consist of

Answer 7

-cortex and medulla
-urine drains into cavity (calyx)

Question 8

What is the role of the calyx

Answer 8

Collects urine - peristalsis to bladder

Question 9

What are the two nephron groups in the kidney and their starting position

Answer 9

Short-looped nephron and long-looped nephron - start in cortex

Question 10

Characteristics of short looped nephrons

Answer 10

-thick limb of henle
-in cortex/outer medulla

Question 11

Characteristics of long-looped nephrons

Answer 11

-thick limb is deep
-helps to concentrate urine

Question 12

What is the meaning of autoregulatory in regards to kidneys

Answer 12

Stability of perfusion and of GFR over physiological blood pressure

Question 13

How is circulation in the kidneys protected

Answer 13

By autoregulation of renal blood flow

Question 14

What is the first capillary bed in the blood circulation of kidneys

Answer 14

1st capillary bed = glomerulus = filtration

Question 15

What is the second capillary bed in the blood circulation of the kidneys

Answer 15

2nd capillary bed = peritubular = reabsorption and secretion

Question 16

What does high blood flow support

Answer 16

High glomerular filtration rate

Question 17

What are starling forces

Answer 17

Movement of fluids out and back into capillaries

Question 18

What does P mean in the darling force equation

Answer 18

P = hydrostatic pressure (pushing pressure)

Question 19

What does pi mean in the darling force equation

Answer 19

Pi = colloid oncotic pressure
(Pulling pressure)

Question 20

Is net push or net pull greater in the glomerular capillary

Answer 20

The net push is greater than the net pull

Question 21

What does PGC indicate

Answer 21

Pushing pressure progressively falls

Question 22

What does piGC indicate

Answer 22

Pulling pressure progressively rises

Question 23

How is GFR decreased

Answer 23

By ANGII(2); noradrenalin, ET-1

Question 24

How is GFR increased

Answer 24

By nitric oxide;prostaglandins

Question 25

What is the balance of afferent and efferent constriction measured by

Answer 25

Change in PGC

Question 26

What does increased afferent result in

Answer 26

-reduced blood flow into capillary -reduced hydrostatic pressure in capillary

Question 27

What does increased efferent result in

Answer 27

-reduced flow out of capillary -sustains hydrostatic pressure in capillary

Question 28

What are the 3 layers of the filtration barrier

Answer 28

1)capillary endothelium (-ive charge) 2)basement membrane (-ive charge) 3)podocytes (epithelium) slit diaphragm

Question 29

what does the brush border result in

Answer 29

high surface area for transport

Question 30

what are characteristics of the proximal tube

Answer 30

-high capacity -geared for bulk transport -lots of mito (oxidative phosphorylation) -leaky epithelial (permeable tight junctions)

Question 31

is water reabsorption present in the thick ascending limb (TAL) in the loop of henle

Answer 31

no water reabsorption - TAL sometimes called diluting segment

Question 32

is water reabsorption present in the distal convoluted tubule

Answer 32

limited water reabsorption- no AQP2

Question 33

what occurs at the collecting ducts

Answer 33

final chance to process urine - another nephron joins and drains to calyx

Question 34

what transcriptional factor activates the mineralocorticoid receptor in the principal cell of the collecting ducts

Answer 34

aldosterone

Question 35

what does the hypertonic medulla create the potential to excrete

Answer 35

-dilute urine (100mOsm) -concentrated urine (1200 mOsm)