Renal/urology Flashcards
(34 cards)
Amyloidosis - diagnosis?
Congo red staining of biopsy–> bright green fluorescence
Other manifestations of AD polycystic kidney disease?
Cysts - liver/spleen/pancreas
Berry aneurysms
MV prolpase
Risk of RCC
most common type of kidney stone
calcium oxalate
management of a neonate with a hydrocele?
watch and wait for 1 year - most resolve
what is prehn’s sign?
elevation of the testis - improves the pain in epidiymitis. no relief of pain in torsion
causative organisms of epididymoorchitis in >35yo
E coli
Pseudomonas
Wegeners vs Churg Strauss vs Goodpastures
- what are their more widely used names?
- Wegeners = GPA (granulomatosis with polyangiitis)
- Churg Strauss = EGPA (eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis)
- Goodpastures = anti-GBM
Wegeners (GPA) vs Churg STrauss (EGPA) vs Goodpastures (anti GBM)
- how do their presentations differ?
All cause nephritic syndrome - low level proteinuria + haematuria + oliguria + hypertension
- Wegeners = TRIAD of URTI + LRTI + glomerulonephritis
- Churg strauss = Eosinophilia + asthma + cardiac involvement
- Anti GBM = pulmonary haemorrhage BUT no URTI sx
Etiology of post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Immune complexes containing streptococcal antigen –> damages GBM –> glomerulonephritis 2/52 later
What is interstitial cystitis aka?
How does it present?
AKA bladder pain syndrome, is within the umbrella of chronic pelvic pain
- ongoing for years - often have tx for UTI with negative urine cultures
- urinary incontinence and lower pelvic pain that often varies with bladder filling
Importance of varicoceles?
Cause of male infertility
What findings may be on clinical exam in urethral injury?
- blood at tip of urethral meatus
- perineal bruising
- abnormal high riding/unable to palpate prostate on PR exam
RCC on which side can cause a varicocele? why?
Left sided RCC can cause a varicocele. The Left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein first.
Phaechromocytoma - where does it arise from? 2 examples of hereditary cuases?
catecholamine producing chromaffin cells
- von Hippel Landau
- MEN 2
Most common type of testicular tumour? -2 subtypes of this?
Germ cell tumour (90%!)
- seminomas
- non seminomas ie teratoma
Which bloods may be raised in testiular tumour?
bhcg
Alpha fetoprotein
Lab diagnosis of CKD?
eGFR<60 on 2 separate occasions >90 days apart
INdication for SGLT2 inhibitor for CKD?
If coexisting T2DM and ongoing proteinuria despite ACEi/ARB
Contraindications for sildenafil?
Recent MI/CVA
Taking nitrates already
Unstable angina
Hypotension
Triad of HUS
- low platelets
- renal failure
- haemolytic anaemia
AKI
- with high urinary sodium
- with low urinary sodium
–> what are the causes in each?
high urinary sodium - ie kidney unable to retain sodium
- acute tubular necrosis –> ischemic or direct toxin
low urinary sodium - prerenal causes
at what age would you refer undescended testis? unilateral and bilateral
3 months old, with a view to be seen by surgeons at <6months old
Phimosis
- what is it?
- causes?
unable to retract i.e. pull the foreskin away from the tip
causes - congenital OR from scarring
secondary to balanitis or traumatic retraction of the foreskin
1st choice abx for pyelonephritis
Cefalexin
