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DMS 300 Abdomen & Small Parts > Renals A&P > Flashcards

Renals A&P Flashcards

1
Q

location of the kidneys?

A

retroperitoneal
flank region
either side of the spine

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2
Q

size of a normal kidney? (SAG, TRV, AP)

A

11-13 cm SAG
5-7 cm TRV
2-3 cm AP

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3
Q

what is the true capsule?

A

the capsule surrounding the kidneys. AKA renal capsule

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4
Q

what is the fibrous sheath surrounding kidneys, adrenals, and perinephric fat?

A

gerota’s fascia

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5
Q

what muscles are both kidneys anterior to?

A

kidneys are ANT to psoas & quadratus lumborum muscles

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6
Q

which kidney is lower?

A

right kidney due to the liver

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7
Q

how much longer is the left kidney compared to the right kidney?

A

0.5 cm longer

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8
Q

which area of the kidney is the brightest on US?

A

sinus

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9
Q

what is the sinus made of?

A

connective tissue, fat, and major calyces

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10
Q

what is the hilum?

A

entrance to the sinus

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11
Q

what structures enter & exit through the hilum

A

renal artery
renal vein
ureter
lymphatic vessels

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12
Q

what is the renal pelvis and what is its function?

A

it is the expanded superior end of the ureter that functions as a urine reservoir

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13
Q

list the areas of the kidney from deep to superficial:

A

hilum, sinus, medulla, cortex

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14
Q

what is the renal parenchyma made of?

A
  1. medulla
  2. cortex
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15
Q

about how many major calyces are there per kidney?

A

2-3

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16
Q

about how many minor calyces are there per kidney?

A

8-18

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17
Q

where are the renal pyramids located?

A

medulla

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18
Q

what separates the renal pyramids?

A

renal columns/columns of bertin

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19
Q

what structures are the most hypoechoic structures in the abdomen?

A

renal pyramids

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20
Q

what is the functional layer of the kidneys called?

A

renal cortex

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21
Q

what are the functional units of the kidney?

A

nephrons

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22
Q

where in the cortex are nephrons located?

A

outer cortex

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23
Q

what is the size of a normal cortex?

A

1.5 cm

24
Q

renal pyramids in children look larger than adult. T/F?

A

false – in infants

25
Q

what age are the kidneys iso or hyperechoic to the liver?

A

infant to 3 months

26
Q

what is the normal echogenicity of the kidneys in an adult?

A

iso or hypoechoic to liver/spleen

27
Q

what happens to the cortex as we age?

A

there is natural thinning of the cortex

28
Q

renal veins are larger & easier to visualize on US than arteries. T/F?

A

true

29
Q

the LRV is longer than the RRV. T/F?

A

true

30
Q

does the RRA pass posterior or anterior to the IVC?

A

posterior to the IVC

31
Q

the LRV passes anterior to the aorta and posterior to the SMA. T/F?

A

true

32
Q

renal functions? (4)

A
  1. excretion
  2. maintain blood pressure by regulating fluid volumes
  3. acid/base balance
  4. electrolytes
33
Q

what hormones affect renal function? (2)

A
  1. aldosterone
  2. ADH
34
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

it reabsorbs sodium and excretes potassium to maintain blood pressure

35
Q

what does ADH do?

A

decreases the amount of water being excreted

36
Q

what lab value is the most specific for renal function?

A

serum creatinine

37
Q

there is an increase in creatinine once there is some kind of renal dysfunction

A

false – 50% of renal function is lost before creatinine starts increasing

38
Q

what does elevated BUN indicate?

A

acute or chronic renal disease
other conditions: renal damage/failure, urinary obstruction, CHF, GI bleeds, shock, starvation

39
Q

what does decreased BUN indicate? (4)

A
  1. overhydration
  2. pregnancy
  3. liver failure
  4. low protein
40
Q

2 renal variants relating to the shape of the kidneys?

A
  1. hypertrophied column of bertin
  2. dromedary hump
41
Q

what does a hypertrophied column of bertin look like? what is it actually?

A

a mass extending towards the sinus of the kidney. in reality it’s just enlargement of the renal columns.

42
Q

what is a dromedary hump?

A

a bulge in the left kidney capsule due to spleen compressing against it

43
Q

what are the 3 renal variants relating to the number of kidneys?

A
  1. bilateral renal agenesis
  2. unilateral renal agenesis
  3. supernumerary kidney
44
Q

3 renal variants relating to the location of the kidney?

A
  1. pelvic kidney
  2. cross fused renal ectopia
  3. thoracic kidney
45
Q

what is a cross fused renal ectopia?

A

renal variant where both kidneys are on one side & fused together

46
Q

how can a kidney end up in the thoracic cavity?

A

diaphragmatic hernia in utero

47
Q

3 renal variants due to kidneys fusing?

A
  1. horseshoe kidney
  2. cake or lump kidney
  3. sigmoid kidney
48
Q

which fusion variant is the most common?

A

horseshoe kidney

49
Q

what is a cake/lump kidney?

A

kidneys are fused medially and in the pelvis region

50
Q

what are the 3 hypoplastic variants of the kidney?

A
  1. unilateral hyperplasia
  2. persistent fetal lobulation
  3. double collecting system
51
Q

what is unilateral hyperplasia?

A

a variant in which one kidney is underdeveloped. the other usually enlarges to take over the function for both kidneys

52
Q

what is persistent fetal lobulation?

A

a renal variant where lobulation in the contour of the kidney stays after 5yo

53
Q

what is a double collecting system?

A

a renal variant with 2 collecting systems – 2 sinuses and 2 ureters out of 1 hilum

54
Q

what is the most common renal variant?

A

double collecting system

55
Q

the contour of the kidneys may be lobulated in kids under 5 yo. T/F?

A

true

56
Q

a prominent renal vein can mimic a cyst or fluid collection. T/F?

A

true

DMS 300 Abdomen & Small Parts (14 decks)

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