Replication, synthesis, Protein

Question 1

What type of replication does DNA undergo?

Answer 1

Semi-conservative

In semi-conservative replication, one strand is the parent strand and one strand is new.

Question 2

In which direction does DNA replication occur?

Answer 2

From the 5’ end to the 3’ end

The template strand runs from its 3’ end to its 5’ end.

Question 3

What are the two strands formed during DNA replication called?

Answer 3

Leading strand and lagging strand

Question 4

How does the leading strand replicate?

Answer 4

Easily and continuously towards the 5’ end

Replication starts at the open end of the DNA (3’) and continues towards 5’.

Question 5

What is the replication process for the lagging strand?

Answer 5

Occurs in small segments called Okazaki fragments

Question 6

What enzyme ‘unzips’ the DNA during replication?

Answer 6

DNA helicase

Question 7

What does RNA primase do during DNA replication?

Answer 7

Attaches RNA primers to the leading and lagging strands

Question 8

What are Okazaki fragments?

Answer 8

Small segments of DNA formed on the lagging strand

Question 9

Which enzyme replaces RNA primers with DNA?

Answer 9

A second type of DNA polymerase

Question 10

What enzyme joins Okazaki fragments together?

Answer 10

DNA ligase

Question 11

What determines the sex of offspring during fertilization?

Answer 11

The sex chromosomes inherited from the parents

Question 12

What chromosome combination indicates a female?

Answer 12

XX

Question 13

What chromosome combination indicates a male?

Answer 13

XY

Question 14

What is independent assortment in meiosis?

Answer 14

Random migration of chromosomes to poles during the first meiotic division

Question 15

What is crossing over in meiosis?

Answer 15

Swapping of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I

Question 16

What is a triplet in DNA?

Answer 16

A set of 3 DNA nucleotides coding for an amino acid

Question 17

What is a codon in mRNA?

Answer 17

A set of 3 mRNA nucleotides coding for an amino acid

Question 18

What is an anticodon in tRNA?

Answer 18

A set of 3 tRNA nucleotides coding for an amino acid

Question 19

Where does transcription occur?

Answer 19

In the nucleus

Question 20

What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

Answer 20

Unwinds and unzips DNA while forming complementary base pairs with the template strand

Question 21

What are exons in mRNA?

Answer 21

Sections that code for amino acids

Question 22

What are introns in mRNA?

Answer 22

Unwanted sections that are removed from the mRNA

Question 23

What is the START codon in translation?

Answer 23

AUG

Question 24

What occurs during the initiation stage of translation?

Answer 24

Ribosome subunits combine with the first 2 codons of the mRNA

Question 25

What happens during elongation in translation?

Answer 25

tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, forming peptide bonds

Question 26

What is the role of the STOP codon in translation?

Answer 26

Signals the termination of polypeptide synthesis

Question 27

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 27

A chain of amino acids forming a polypeptide

Question 28

What defines the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 28

Bonds forming sheets and spirals along the amino acid chain

Question 29

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

Answer 29

Bending and folding of the secondary structure into globular or fibrous shapes

Question 30

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

Answer 30

Interaction of two or more polypeptide chains

Question 31

What are structural proteins?

Answer 31

Proteins that provide support for an organism's structure

Question 32

What are functional proteins?

Answer 32

Proteins that perform specific roles, including enzymes and transport proteins

Question 33

How many amino acids can be involved in making proteins?

Answer 33

20

Question 34

What are essential amino acids?

Answer 34

Amino acids that must be sourced from the diet