Reproduction

Question 1

During early stage of prenatal development what do both males and females have

Answer 1

Müllerian ducts and a set of Wollfian ducts and undifferentiated gonads

Question 2

What are Wollfian Ducts

Answer 2

Precursors to Vas Deferons and seminal Vessels

Question 3

What are Müllerian ducts

Answer 3

precursors to female’s oviducts uterus and upper vagina

Question 4

Where is the SRY gene located and what does it do

Answer 4

Located in the Y chromosome

causes primitive gonads to develop into testes

Question 5

what do developing testes produce

Answer 5

androgens
- increases testes growth
produces Mülleian inhibiting hormone

Question 6

What happens to females due to a lack of the SRY gene

Answer 6

gonads develop into ovaries

Question 7

What are the two main steroid hormones/categories of chemicals in reproduction

Answer 7

Androgens
- Most common testosterone

Estrogens
- Most common estradiol

Question 8

What does progesterone do

Answer 8

prepares the uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum

promotes maintenance of pregnancy

Question 9

What are the three ways androgens and estrogens exert their effects

Answer 9

binding to membrane receptors like neurotransmitters

entering cells and activating certain kinds of proteins/receptors in the cytoplasm and nucleus

binding to chromosomes where they activate or inactivate certain genes

Question 10

What is organizing effects of sex hormones and when does it happen

Answer 10

Determines whether the brain and body will develop male or female characteristics

occurs at sensitive periods of develop,ent and produce long term changes

Question 11

when do activating effects of sex hormones happen

Answer 11

occur at any time of life and temporarily activate a particular response: sex drive, pregnancy, menstruation

Question 12

What does sexual differentiation depend on

Answer 12

mostly on the level of testosterone during a sensitive period (first trimester)

Question 13

What are the organizing effects of the estrogens

Answer 13

Estradiol and other estrogens modify carious internal structures, including the prostate gland

Question 14

What do lack of sex hormones lead to

Answer 14

lead to generally female-looking external genitalia

Question 15

Does estrogens modify the external Male anatomy

Answer 15

no

Question 16

what happens to females who lack estradiol during early life

Answer 16

develops different internal anatomy and diminished sexual desire

Question 17

What areas of the brain differ in males and females

Answer 17

cortical areas, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, parts of the spinal cord

parts of the female hypothalamus generates a cyclic pattern of hormone release, male hypothalamus releases hormones more steadily

Question 18

What is Alpha-fetoprotein

Answer 18

found in the blood during early sensitive periods

binds to estradiol and prevents it from entering developing

Question 19

What are the differences of the use of Alpha-Fetoprotein

Answer 19

Females are, not exposed estradiol

Male testosterone does not bind to alpha-fetoprotein and freely enters hypothalamic cells, where it gets converted to estradiol and exerts masculinizing effects

Question 20

What are the differences of the Medial Preoptic Area of the Hypothalamus

Answer 20

Males: More dendritic spins, microglia, synapses, male sexual behaviour depend on this

Testosterone and estradiol production of prostaglandin E2

Question 21

What are the differences of the Ventromedial nucleus of the Hypothalamus

Answer 21

Male: more widely branched males. Causes of male aggression, sex, feeding

Estradiol activates PI3 kinase, which increases glutamates release

Question 22

What are the differences of the Arcuate Nucleus and Anteroventral Periventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus

Answer 22

Males: decreased dendritic spines and synapse

Enhanced in females

important for females sexual behaviour

Estradiol increases GABA production, which acts on astrocytes to decrease dendritic branching

Question 23

What are the effects of Hormones in the prenatal stage

Answer 23

Girls born to women with high testosterone while pregnant show elevated preference for typical boy toys

Boys born to woman with high phthalate levels(inhibits testosterone) while pregnant showed more interest in typical girls toys

Question 24

When is oxytocin released

Answer 24

Orgasm

stimulates uterine contractions during delivery and mammary glands in releasing milk

attachment

Question 25

What increase touch sensitivity in the penis

Answer 25

Testosterone (positive feedback mechanism)

Question 26

Where do sex hormones bind in the hypothalamus

Answer 26

receptors in the ventromedial nucleus, medial preoptic area(MPOA) and anterior hypothalamus

Question 27

What does testosterone trigger in the MPOA and other areas

Answer 27

Dopamine (not release by MPOA directly)

Question 28

Dopamine stimulation of which receptors is associated with arousal

Answer 28

D1 and D5 (facilities erection of the penis and sexually receptive postures in females)

Question 29

What do higher concentrations of dopamine do

Answer 29

stimulate the D2 receptors and lead to orgasms -> oxytocin release

Question 30

Out of the 5 what are the only excitatory dopamine receptors

Answer 30

D1 and D5

Question 31

What neurotransmitter decreases sexual activity and how

Answer 31

serotonin decreases sexual activity by blocking dopamine release side affect of SSRI and other stimulant Drugs

Question 32

T/F - Testosterone levels correlated positively with sexual arousal and drive to seek sexual partners

Answer 32

True

Question 33

T/F - Low testosterone is the typical reason for impotence (erectile dysfunction)

Answer 33

False - Usual cause is impaired blood circulation and high anxiety

Question 34

What happens to reproductive organs during REM sleep

Answer 34

Penis should experiences an erection and the vagina will lubricate

Question 35

In women what two structures interact to produce the menstrual cycle

Answer 35

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Question 36

What does the anterior pituitary release after the end of a menstrual period

Answer 36

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 37

What does the FSH do

Answer 37

Promotes the growth of follicle in the ovary

Question 38

what does the Follicle do after the end of a menstrual cycle

Answer 38

nurtures and matures the Ovum and produces estrogen once matured

Question 39

What does the follicle do towards the middle of the menstrual cycle

Answer 39

The follicle builds up the receptors to FSH -> Follicle produces increasing amounts of estradiol

Question 40

Increased estradiol causes the anterior pituitary to release what

Answer 40

FSH and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Question 41

What does the Luteinizing hormone (LH) and FSH do

Answer 41

Cuases follicle to release an ovum and then LH releases mature egg into fallopian tubes

Question 42

T/F sexual desire increases in many species as Estradiol peaks

Answer 42

True

Question 43

What happens to the remnants of the follicle after release of Ovum

Answer 43

the remnants (Corpus Luteum) releases progesterone as soon as it is released

Question 44

What does Progesterone do

Answer 44

Prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum inhibits the further release of LH -> decreases the chance of releasing another egg at high levels it will decrease sex drive

Question 45

Describe the pathway and interaction between the pituitary gland and ovaries at the end of menstruation

Answer 45

Pituitary releases FSH -> Follicle forms and releases estradiol to pituitary gland -> more FSH and LH is released -> Causing the release of the Ovum -> corpus luteum releases progesterone

Question 46

Which two hormones gradually increases throughout pregnancy

Answer 46

Estradiol and Progesterone (to prevent the uterine lining from breaking off)

Question 47

what do high levels of estradiol and progesterone produce

Answer 47

heightened activity in the 5-HT3 receptor -> which causes nausea associated with pregnancy

Question 48

How do Birth control pills work to prevent pregnancy

Answer 48

interferes with usual feedback cycles of ovaries and pituitary pills contain estrogen and progesterone which prevents the surge of FSH and LH that would release an ovum thicken the mucus of the cervis which makes it more difficult for sperm to reach the egg and prevents egg from implanting in uterus

Question 49

Why does the last few (4) pill not contain the hormones

Answer 49

to allow for the hormones to drop to induce a regular cycle

Question 50

What is the Periovulatory period

Answer 50

Days of the menstrual cycle (middle) when fertility is highest and highest etsradiol

Question 51

What is the use of prolactin

Answer 51

secretes during pregnancy necessary for milk production enables mother to eat more than usual(inhibits leptin) responsible for maternal behaviour

Question 52

T/F female changes hormone receptors sensitivity during pregnancy

Answer 52

True

Question 53

What promotes the release of Vasopressin

Answer 53

Oxytocin synthesized by hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

Question 54

What does Vasopressin do

Answer 54

facilitates olfactory recognition and increase in social behaviour in many species

Question 55

What are the sex differences in cognitive organization

Answer 55

Female are better at short-term memory tasks and verbal fluency Males are better at spatial relation tasks and mental rotation task

Question 56

What are the sex differences between the hemispheric connections in the brain

Answer 56

Male have greater intrahemispheric connections in males Females have greater interhemispheric connections