Reproduction

Question 1

sexual reproduction

Answer 1

• split sexes
• hermaphrodites
• sex reversal

Question 2

asexual reproduction

Answer 2

• budding
• fragmentation
• parthenogenesis

Question 3

clone

Answer 3

an organism produced asexually from one ancestor, to which they are genetically identical

Question 4

gametes

Answer 4

haploid sperm and eggs produced thru meiosis, different alleles from each parent’s diploid cells

Question 5

zygote

Answer 5

fertilized egg, diploid

Question 6

gametogenesis

Answer 6

production of sperm and eggs

Question 7

genetic diversity

Answer 7

new combinations of alleles during meiosis and fertilization, faster
adaption to changing environments

Question 8

parthenogenesis

Answer 8

eggs are produced through meiosis, but then develop into individuals without fertilization

Question 9

Hermaphrodites

Answer 9

produce both male and female gametes

Question 10

Pituitary hormones

Answer 10

central to both female and male reproduction in all vertebrates

Question 11

Sertoli cells

Answer 11

targets of FSH; support and nourish developing sperm cells
throughout spermatogenesis; produce inhibin which reduces FSH

Question 12

Leydig cells

Answer 12

targets of LH; produce testosterone, male sexual development, maintaining secondary sexual characteristics, and supporting sperm
production

Question 13

Testosterone

Answer 13

regulates production of
GnRH, FSH and LH through
negative feedback

Question 14

Spermatogenesis

Answer 14

continuous; spermatogonium–> meiosis 1–> meiosis 2–> maturation–> 4 sperm

Question 15

oogenesis

Answer 15

periodic; oogonium –> meiosis 1 in embryo –> primary oocyte –> STOP until puberty –> meiosis 2 of one egg per menstrual cycle (ovulation) –> secondary oocyte –> (IF) fertilized finish meiosis all the way

Question 16

polar bodies

Answer 16

haploid cells formed at the same time as the egg/oocyte, but do not have the ability to be fertilized

Question 17

Ovarian cycle

Answer 17

oocyte maturation, ovulation, and
corpus luteum formation and
degeneration

Question 18

Uterine cycle

Answer 18

prepares uterus for implantation, should fertilization occur

Question 19

Follicular cells

Answer 19

targets of FSH and LH; stimulates follicle growth and estradiol

Question 20

Menstrual Cycle: Days 0-14

Answer 20

follicle grows w/ FSH/LH and estradiol increases, stimulating
endometrium proliferation in
preparation for implantation and GnRH release spiking LH at day 14 (ovulation)

Question 21

Menstrual Cycle: Days 15-28

Answer 21

LH stimulates the remaining follicle to form corpus luteum which produces progesterone, with estradiol inhibit GnRH, decreasing FSH/LH, if not fertilized CL decays

Question 22

corpus luteum

Answer 22

temporarily produces progesterone

Question 23

progesterone

Answer 23

establishing and maintaining pregnancy by maintaining the thick lining of the endometrium

Question 24

contraceptives

Answer 24

use synthetic estrogen and progestin to inhibit GnRH and ovulation

Question 25

Trophoblast

Answer 25

embryonic cells produce hCG 6-10 days after fertilization

Question 26

hCG

Answer 26

same as LH, makes progesterone and estradiol to maintain pregnancy

Question 27

progestins

Answer 27

bind to the progesterone receptor and activate it

Question 28

antiprogesterone

Answer 28

bind to the progesterone receptor but do not activate it, block activators --> cause termination of a pregnancy

Question 29

placenta

Answer 29

nutrient, gas and waste exchange between maternal and fetal circulatory

Question 30

labor

Answer 30

uterine contractions triggered by mature organs of the fetus and the aging placental membranes

Question 31

oxytocin

Answer 31

positive feedback for uterine contractions, released by posterior pituitary, milk production and bonding