Reproduction

Question 1

What are the 8 life processes

Answer 1

1. Movement
2. Reproduce
3. Sensitivity
4. Control
5. Growth
6. Respiration
7. Excretion
8. Nutrition

Mrs C Gren

Question 2

What is a life cycle?

Answer 2

Life cycle =

All plants/animals start life small

Over time they grow bigger/ body change

When grown up, they reproduce and create next generation

Next generation will grow bigger and have offspring too…

Question 3

Definition of Germination

Answer 3

Process of a seed begging to develop into a new plant

(Seed develops)

Question 4

Definition of Growth

Answer 4

The plan creates news cells to get larger, and grow new organs (leaves)

Question 5

Definition of Flower production

Answer 5

The plant produces flowers which contain the males and female parts necessary for reproduction

Question 6

Definition of Pollination

Answer 6

Pollen is delivered to the flower either by an insect/bird or wind

Question 7

Definition of Seed dispersal

Answer 7

The plant spread their seed to avoid competition between each other.

Seed travels by humans/ wind/ animal

Question 8

Life cycle of a plant

Answer 8

1. Growing plant
2. Flower production
3. Pollination
   4.Dispersal of seed
4. Germination
5. Growing plant…

Question 9

Life cycle of a human

Answer 9

1. Baby
2. Child
3. Adolescent
4. Adult
5. Pregnancy
6. Baby…

Question 10

Butterfly metamorphosis/ life cycle

Answer 10

1. Egg
2. Caterpillar
3. Chrysalis
4. Butterfly
5. Reproduce
6. Egg

Question 11

Life cycle of a frog

Answer 11

1. Frog spam
2. Tadpoles
3. Leg grow
4. Froglet
5. Adult frog
6. Reproduce…

Question 12

What are the 2 types of reproduction

Answer 12

1. Sexual reproduction- which requires 2 parents (male/female). Animals and most plants reproduce that way.
2. Asexual reproduction - Only requires 1 parent. The offspring are exact copies. (Bacteria and other small organisms reproduce that way and some plants.)

Question 13

What happen to the genes during Sexual reproduction?

Answer 13

• Genetic information of male + female are combined
• It creates a new unique organism (with half of the genes from each parent)
• Offspring will be a unique combination of its parents’ genetic information.

Question 14

What are Gametes

Answer 14

Gametes are the specialised sex cells required for sexual reproduction. They contain half the genetic information necessary to create a new organism.

For reproduction to occur, male and female gamete must be fused.

This process is called FERTILISATION

Question 15

What are the two types of Fertilisation?

Answer 15

Male fish/frogs fertilise the egg cells outside of the female’s body.
This is called EXTERNAL FERTILISATION.

The egg cells of birds/mammals are fertilised inside of the female’s body. This is called INTERNAL FERTILISATION.

Note: fish/frogs leg lots of eggs; birds a couple. For mammals the young grow in a uterus inside the mother’s body.

Question 16

Describe human reproduction

Answer 16

Human reproduction involves the fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete during fertilisation, leading to the development of a Zygote, which then develop into a fetus and then a baby.

Question 17

How do plants reproduce?

Answer 17

Plants reproduce both SEXUALLY through POLLINATION and FETERLISATION and ASEXUALLY through VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION.

Question 18

Anatomy of a flower

Answer 18

Most flowers have both male and female parts

1. Stigma- at the top of the pistil is the stigma which collects the pollen
2. Style- pollen is carried through its hollow body called the style
3. Stamen- male part of a flower
4. Sepal- beneath the petals, there are sepal (leaf like projections)
5. Anther- at the topic of the filament, the anther holds the pollen
6. Filament- The long stalk of a stamen
7. Pistil/carpel- the female part of a flower
8. Ovary- is where the pollen fertilises the flower’s egg.

Question 19

What a male sex cell in a plant is called?

Answer 19

Sperm cell or male gamete

Question 20

What a female sex cell in a plant is called

Answer 20

Egg cell or Ovum

Question 21

What are the stages of pollination and fertilisation?

Answer 21

1. The anther produces and releases pollen grains.
2. Pollen grains are carried on the wind/ or bees
3. Pollen lands on the stigma. This is the pollination.
4. A pollen tube grows out of the grain into the stigma/ down the style
5. The pollen tube joins with the nucleus of the ovule.
6. Male sex cells travel down the pollen tube and enter the ovule
7. Male sex cells join with the female sex cells. This is called fertilisation.
8. The embryo formed form the joining of sex cells grows and a seed is formed.

Question 22

What is pollination?

Answer 22

Process when pollen is carried from the Stamens to other flowers to pistil via the wind/animal.

Question 23

What is fertilisation

Answer 23

Process when the male and female cells join.

Question 24

What are sperm cells?

Answer 24

Male reproductive cell or gamete.
They hold the father’s genetic information.
Their mission = fertilise an egg cell.

Question 25

What is an egg cell?

Answer 25

Female reproductive cell or gamete. It holds the mother's genetic information. It fuses with a sperm cell during fertilisation to form a new organism.

Question 26

What is adolescence?

Answer 26

The time between childhood and adulthood. During that time a gland in the brain start to produce extra hormones. These special chemicals make cells grow and divide faster. They make testes and ovaries mature and produce sex hormones. At PUBERTY the mature testes/ovaries start to release sex cells. Body parts other than sex organs develop special features (secondary sexual characteristics= e.g. deeper voice, broader shoulder). It's easier to tell a boy from a girl.

Question 27

What are the male reproductive organs?

Answer 27

1. Testes- make sperm 2. Scrotum- holds the testes 3. Sperm duct - carries the sperm 4. Gland- adds a liquid to the sperm 5. Urethra- carries the sperm out of the body

Question 28

What are the female reproductive organs

Answer 28

1. Vagina- receives sperm 2. Cervix- a ring of muscle 3. Oviduct - carries egg to uterus 4. Ovary- makes egg 5. Uterus- where the baby grows

Question 29

How does the menstrual cycle prepare for reproduction?

Answer 29

Menstrual cycle = links the release of an Ovum (egg cell) to the development of the uterus lining. Each menstrual cycle lasts about 1 month. Hormones (chemicals) control the menstrual cycle. If the egg isn't fertilised, the lining of the uterus breaks down. The woman has a period. The bleeding is called menstruation.

Question 30

Key dates of Menstruation

Answer 30

1. Lengths of Menstrual cycle = 28 days 2. Cycle starts on Day 1 3. Egg is released from Ovary = on day 14

Question 31

What is OVULATION? (in humans)

Answer 31

OVULATION = When female ovaries produce an egg every 28 days.

Question 32

What is FERTILISATION? (in humans)

Answer 32

FERTILISATION If sperm meets an egg, the sperm's nucleus can join with an egg's nucleus. The fusing of the nuclei is called FERTILISATION.

Question 33

How many sperm do males produce during ejaculation?

Answer 33

250 millions

Question 34

How many eggs do the ovaries normally produce every month?

Answer 34

1

Question 35

What percentage of the sperm is useless?

Answer 35

99%

Question 36

What attack the sperms?

Answer 36

White blood cells

Question 37

How many sperm can get into an egg cell?

Answer 37

1

Question 38

What is EJACULATION?

Answer 38

EJACULATION The ejection of sperm through the penis

Question 39

What is the Implantation?

Answer 39

IMPLANTATION- when the embryo sinks into the uterus lining.

Question 40

What is the GESTATION?

Answer 40

GESTATION = The time between the FERTILISATION and the BIRTH e.g. gestation for rabbit= 31 days, 63 days for cats, 267 days for humans, 645 days for elephants, 19 days for mouse.

Question 41

Pregnancy timeline

Answer 41

Week 2= egg travels the uterus and attaches to the uterine wall Week 4= Embryo is 1cm Week 7= Foetus is 1.5cm, it has a heart, brain, limbs, eyes and organs Week 15= Foetus is 9cm. It has finger nails, eyebrows Week 18= 20 cm. It can hear noises. You can see gender. Week 24= Internal organs finished developing. Baby have touch sense. Week 30= Foetus can tell the difference between light/dark. 39cm. Week 33= head is moving downward Week 37= lungs are mature Week 40= Birth

Question 42

How does the developing baby survive in the uterus?

Answer 42

The PLACENTA (bag around the embryo) is full of a liquid AMNIOTIC FLUID which support the embryo, Foetus is kept at a constant temperature in the mother's body. The PLACENTA grows in the lining of the uterus. The UMBILICAL CORD joins the foetus to the placenta. Substances pass across the placenta between the blood of the foetus and the blood of the mother. But both blood do not mix. The oxygen and foot are transferred from the mother to the foetus. Whilst the waste such as Carbon dioxyde is transferred from the foetus to the mother.

Question 43

What can harm the baby in the womb?

Answer 43

Alcohol and other drugs can harm the baby.

Question 44

What is the job of the umbilical cord?

Answer 44

Facilitate the transport of oxygen and nutrients + moving waste products.

Question 45

What is the job of the amniotic fluid?

Answer 45

Cushioning/ protecting the foetus.

Question 46

What are the 2 substances that pass across the placenta?

Answer 46

From mother to foetus ==> oxygen + nutrient From foetus to mother ==> waste + carbon dioxide

Question 47

How are children born?

Answer 47

Childbirth is called labour. The baby passes out of the uterus and through the vagina into the outside world. The uterus muscle (cervix) must relax to open up. When the baby is ready to be born, contractions of the muscles of the uterus pull the cervix open. When cervix is open the baby's head go down the vagina. Then when out, baby takes first breath Then finally placenta get out= after birth. Then it's important to take care of the baby, keep it clear, warm, with food. Mammary glands produce milk. Breast milk contain substances that destroy micro organisms that can cause infection.

Question 48

Type of issues if couple have difficulties conceiving.

Answer 48

- Woman doesn't release egg cells - Man produces faulty sperm - Woman's fallopian tubes blocked So people use IVF (In vitro fertilisation) to help the fertilisation of the egg and implantation of the embryo.

Question 49

Why do you look similar to your parents?

Answer 49

DNA is the genetic information stored in the nucleus. This information determines how the cells acts. (e.g. it define your eye colour, your skin colour...) Genetic information is bundled into CHROMOSOMES (packages).

Question 50

CHROMOSOMES definition

Answer 50

Chromosome is a thread like structure within a cell's nucleus, composed of DNA. It carries generic information in the form of genes. Chromosomes always come in pairs. One of each pair come from the mother, and the other one from the father.

Question 51

How many chromosomes have humans?

Answer 51

23 pairs of chromosomes 46 individual chromosomes in total

Question 52

What is an INHERITED VARIATION?

Answer 52

Variation is a characteristic that is a result of genetic information from the parents. This is called inherited variation.

Question 53

Why children looks a little like their father and a little like their mother?

Answer 53

Because they get half of their DNA and inherited features from each parents.

Question 54

What are environmental causes of variation?

Answer 54

- climate - diet - accident - culture - lifestyle Environmental variation are cause by the surrounding (e.g. if you eat too much food, you will become heavier)