Reproduction Flashcards
(71 cards)
1
Q
what is the role of the male reproductive tract?
A
- production of sperm
- storage of sperm
- nourishment of sperm
- transportation of sperm
2
Q
what is the scrotum?
A
- sac of skin which contains the testes
- has a septum dividing two halves
- can contract to and away from the body for thermoregulation
- minimal subcutaneous fat to keep testes at a lower temp
3
Q
what are the testicles?
A
- consists of leydig cells, sertoli cells, spermatogenic cells
- covered in a double fold of peritoneum called the Tunica Vaginalis
4
Q
what is the epididymis?
A
- coiled tube - part of the epididymis
- contains sperm which is made in the testes and transferred to the vas deferens
- stores sperm for maturation and protection
5
Q
what is testosterone responsible for?
A
responsible for spermatogenesis and male sexual characteristics
6
Q
what produces testosterone?
A
leydig cells
7
Q
what is the muscle called which runs next to the spermatic cord?
A
cremaster muscle
8
Q
what are the two types of cells that are contained in the seminiferous epithelium?
A
- spermatogonia (GERM CELLS FROM WHICH SPERM DEVELOP)
- sertoli cells (SUPPORT AND NOURISH THE SPERM IN ADDITION TO PRODUCING OESTROGEN)
9
Q
what do the vas deferens do?
A
transports sperm to the urethra at the neck of the bladder
10
Q
what do the spermatic cord contain?
A
- vaginal tunic
- vas deferens
- testicular artery and veins
- lymphatic vessels
- nerves
- cremaster muscle
11
Q
what is the penis?
A
- consists of erectile tissue and a blood supply
- conveys sperm to the female reproductive tract during mating
12
Q
what are the accessory glands?
A
- produce spermatic fluid
- transports and provides nutrition to sperm
13
Q
what is the prostate gland?
A
- found at the neck of the bladder
- produces a thin, alkaline secretion which makes up the majority of the ejaculate
14
Q
what does the female reproductive system do?
A
- produce ova
- implant in uterine horns
- gestation of the foetus
- fertilised in ovaduct
15
Q
what do buck rabbits have in reproductive system?
A
- prostate
- vesticular, bulbourethral and coagulating glands
- vas deferens
- urethra
16
Q
what do boar guinea pigs have in reproductive system?
A
- prostate
- vesticular and coagulation glands
17
Q
what are the ovaries?
A
- lie caudal to the kidneys
- covered by mesovarium
18
Q
when does a follicle release an egg?
A
an ovum is released in response to a surge in luteinising hormone
19
Q
what are the fallopian tubes?
A
connects the ovaries to the uterus
20
Q
what is the uterus?
A
- womb
- consists of neck (cervix), the body and 2 horns
21
Q
what are the three layers of the uterus?
A
- outer connective serous tissue
- myometrium
- endometrium
22
Q
what are some ligaments in the female reproductive system?
A
- suspensory/ovarian
- proper
- broad
- round
23
Q
what are the three types of broad ligaments?
A
- mesometrium
- mesovarian
- mesosalpinx
24
Q
what are the broad ligaments?
A
folds of visceral peritoneum that attach the ovary, uterine horns and body of the uterus to the lateral part of the sublumbar region
25
what does the mesosalpinx ligament do?
attaches the oviduct to the mesovarian and forms within the ovarian bursa
26
what does the mesometrium ligament do?
attaches lateral part of the vagina cervix and uterine body and horns to the lateral pelvis
27
what does the mesometrium ligament do?
continuation of mesometrium, attaches ovary and ligaments to the lateral part of the sublumbar region
28
when is milk produced?
in response to progesterone and prolactin
29
how many mammary glands do bitches have?
5 pairs
30
how many mammary glands do queens have?
4 pairs
31
how many mammary glands do rabbits have?
4 pairs
32
how many mammary glands do guinea pigs have?
2 pairs
33
what is the cervix?
short, thick walled sphincter that separates the vagina and uterus
34
what are the uterine horns?
two horns that join together at the uterine body
35
what are some types of oestrus cycles?
- monoestrus
- polyoestrus
- seasonal polyoestrus
36
when does oestrus start in the bitch?
between 6 and 23 months of age
37
what does polytocous mean?
multiple offspring per litter
38
what is the interval between cycles?
5 to 13 months (monoestrus)
39
how many times do bitches cycle per year?
twice
40
what are the four stages of oestrus in the bitch?
- pro-oestrus (7-10 days)
- oestrus (7-10 days)
- luteal/metoestrus (2 months)
- anoestrus (5 months)
41
what is pro-oestrus?
- phase where bitch will not allow mating
- swelling of the vulva
- vaginal discharge/bleeding
- thickening of vaginal wall
42
what is oestrus?
- female will be receptive to the male
- decline in oestrogen
43
what is metoestrus?
- luteal phase
- pregnancy/pseudopregnancy
- 55 days
44
how long does development of foetal membrane take?
21 days
45
what are some signs of a pseudopregnancy?
- nesting
- mammary gland enlargement
- milk production
46
what is anoestrus?
period between oestrus cycles during which there is little ovarian activity
47
what are some factors for oestrus in queens?
- seasonally polyoestrus
- polytocous
48
when do cats come into season?
between 6-9 months
49
how many matings do cats need to ovulate?
cats need 3-4 matings within 24hours for ovulation to occue
50
what are the stages in the queen?
- pro-oestrus (2-3 days)
- oestrus (2-10 days)
- interoestrus (3-14 days)
- anoestrus
51
how long does pregnancy last in a cat?
64-68 days
52
what happens in pro-oestrus for a cat?
- secretion of oestrogen
- no vulval enlargement or discharge
53
what happens in the oestrus phase for a cat?
- queen will accept mating
- develops signs such as vocalisation, rubbing against objects etc
54
what happens during interoestrus for a cat?
- failed mating or absence of mating does not result in ovulation
- will shortly go back to pro-oestrus
55
what happens in metoestrus for a cat?
- non fertile matings result in ovulation without conception
56
what happens in pregnancy for a cat?
- 64-68 days
- most cats will enter a lactation period after partuition
57
when are rabbits sexually mature?
4-5 months
58
how long is pregnancy in a rabbit?
29-35 days
59
when do guinea pigs sexually mature?
1.5-3 months
60
how long does guinea pig pregnancy last?
59-72 days
61
when does puberty occur in dogs and cats?
dogs - 6-12 months
cats - 8-12 months
62
what is the inner layer of the ovum called?
zona pellucida
63
what is the outer layer of the ovum called?
corona radiata
64
what is a fertilised egg referred to as?
zygote
65
how long does it take for the zygote to reach the uterus?
7 days
66
what is a morula?
a solid ball of cells which has formed by the division of a zygote
67
what is an ectoderm?
outer layer which forms the skin and nervous tissue of a foetus
68
what is a mesoderm?
middle layer which forms several organ systems and the musculoskeletal system
69
what is an endoderm?
inner layer which forms the lining of the gastrointestinal tract and other visceral organs
70
what are the four components of the extra-embryonic membranes?
- the yolk sac
- the chorion
- the amnion
- the allantois
71
