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reproduction in camelids Flashcards

1
Q

male

A

macho

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2
Q

female

A

hembra

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3
Q

offspring

A

cria

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4
Q

parturition

A

criation or unpacking

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5
Q

sternal recumbency

A

cush or kush

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6
Q

male anatomy

A

sigmoid flexure cranial to scrotum

scrotum- near anus
testis- vertical/oblique orientation (descend then orientation shifted)
epididymis- small, X head of epididymis like the boar
head ventral and tail dorsal

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7
Q

*** impt. male anatomy

A

tail located dorsal and head ventral

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8
Q

scrotum

A

non pendulous
testes descended at birth
sperm production at 10-12 mo.
max testicular size (llamas- 3 yr, alpacas- 5 yr)- takes longer to reach max potential

don’t castrate under 2 years because then adhesions not breaking between penis and prepuce

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9
Q

male anatomy accessory sex glands

A

small ampulla

prostate

bulbourethral gland

urethral recess

NO VESICULAR GLANDS

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10
Q

urethral recess

A

blind diverticulum

has clinical significance * difficult catheterization

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11
Q

Penis

A

fibroelastic

sigmoid flexure- pre scrotal

cartilaginous process= UNIQUE

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12
Q

Glans penis

A

cartilaginous process- slight clockwise curvature
adaptation that allows for penetration of the cervix

urethral process on distal glans

cartilaginous process important during copulation during penetration of cervix

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13
Q

prepuce

A

triangular and non-pendulous

posterior orientation- urinates backwards between legs
sexual stimulation changes in orientation (during sexual excitement directed cranial)

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14
Q

neonate penis

A

at birth completely adhered to glans
lack cartilaginous process

cartilaginous process develops with age

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15
Q

preputial adhesions

A

testosterone influence- start breaking down adhesions

early castration may cause adhesions to persist, disappear in intact males by 3 yrs- why don’t want to castrate because need testosterone to get rid of adhesions

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16
Q

female anatomy

A

concave curvature (similar to male)

ovary (similar to cow)- ovaloid shape, and ovulation anywhere on the surface

bicronuate uterus (similar to sow)- Y or T shape = concave, has distinct septum (incomplete fashion)

vagina 15-25 cm in length

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17
Q

cervix

A

external os protrudes into vestibule doughnut

2-3 spiraling ring like structures- not cartilaginous

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18
Q

female anatomy similarities to other species

A 
ovary- cow
oviductal papilla- mare 
shape of uterus- mare 
septum- cow/sow
cervix- ewe/sow
vulva- ewe

round dorsal commissure

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19
Q

mammary glands

A

4 glandular quarters- each composed of 2 distinct glands (8 separate glands)

four teats- teats directed cranio-ventrally posses two openings each b/c 1 for each gland

20
Q

male puberty

A

testosterone driven- low from birth to 18-20 mo. increases around 2 years of age

spermatogenesis- seasonal effect (mostly because of temp, and not light)

21
Q

female puberty

A

average 12-13 mo. or body weight of 33 kg
successfully carrying cries

ovarian activity- 10 mo.

lack of true estrous cycle

22
Q

physiology

A

INDUCED OVULATORS

23
Q

estrous cycle

A

no true cycle, not repeatable or predictable

few or no external signs that are seen in other species

24
Q

peruvian breeding season

A

december to march- southern hemisphere (summer)
increased follicular development and estradiol production
female mounting behavior

25
follicular dynamics
distinct follicular waves- follicles develop, follicles regress- become atretic astral fluid- estradiol and preovulatory follicles= 6-8mm
26
follicular waves in alpacas and llamas
mating induces ovulation of dominant follicle and formation of CL 1st wave leads to atretic follicle
27
male mating beahvior
the chase courting
28
receptive female breeding behavior
submissive behavior- exhibit passive behavior actively searching for mate cush for mating females cush near mating couples- frequently smell the male
29
non receptive female breeding
rejecting the male CL present after mating and ovulation progesterone influence spitting off, running and screaming
30
male mating behavior
copulation, avg. 2-25 min (up to 70) dribble ejaculators- once every minute semen deposited directly into the uterus may inseminate horns individually
31
induced ovulators
follicle 6-8mm and growing | 24 hrs after breeding
32
induction of ovulation
stimulus= orgling (male sound) and cervical stimulation ovulation inducing factor in seminal plasma (OIF) - necessary pharmacological- LH (hCG)= species specific GnRH- not species specific
33
ovulation inducing factor
stimulates release of LH | not all semen has the same effect
34
Pregnancy
blastocyst enters uterus on d 5-6 98% of pregnancies- left uterine horn (doesn't matter which side operate will end up majority of time in L even if released from R) CL= dependent
35
placentation
adeciduate, epitheliochorial, diffuse (microcotyledonary) fetal membranes- epidermal membrane (lubrication during parturition) amnion, allantois, chorion
36
gestation
alpacas and llamas- 335 to 360 days prolonged gestation may occur
37
parturition
occurs between 6am and 1pm signs impending parturition (not obvious)- not recognized compared to other domestic species
38
stage I parturition
isolation, restlessness frequent attempts to urinate hip resting avg. 2-6 hrs
39
stage II parturition
often create while standing | avg 8-25 mins
40
stage III parturition
placenta passes between 4-6 hours after 24 hours considered retained body of uterus= short
41
epidermal membrane
sloughed | attached to mucosal membranes
42
postpartum period in camelids
vulvar discharge- present up to 1 wk, normal lochia- thick pinkish or white little mothering normal rapid return to receptivity
43
return to receptivity
receptive within days of parturition- 4 days postpartum, submissive to male, pre-ovulatory follicle may be present breeding less than 15 days post ovulation and conceptus can occur fertility rates variable- incomplete luteal regression and uterine involution irregular follicle development 15-2- days postpartum- uterine involution= complete
44
early rebreeding
allow for uterine involution breeding 15 to 20 days post partum- obtain good fertility rates and one cria per year
45
berserk male syndrome
when dangerously aggressive behavior towards humans caused by overt handling
46
SUMMARY
SA camelids= unique repro anatomy and physiology no estrous cycle camelids are induced ovulators semen is deposited directly into uterus 98% pregnancies carried in left uterine horn camelids have diffuse microcotyledonary epitheliochorial adeciduate placenta epidermal membrane= unique placental feature in camelids pregnancy in camelids is dependent on CL

Reproduction (22 decks)

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