reproduction in humans

Question 1

what does the prostate gland do

Answer 1

produces semen which provides sperm cells with nutrients

Question 2

what does the sperm duct do

Answer 2

sperm passes through it to be mixed with fluids before going to urethra for ejaculation

Question 3

what does the urethra do

Answer 3

tube running down centre of penis which carries urine or semen

Question 4

testes do what

Answer 4

produce sperm and testosterone and are contained in scrotum

Question 5

scrotum

Answer 5

sac supporting testes outside body to ensure temperature slightly lower than body temperature

Question 6

penis does what

Answer 6

passes urine out of body from bladder & allows semen to pass into female vagina

Question 7

F- what do oviducts do

Answer 7

connect the ovary to the uterus, where fertilisation happens

Question 8

F- what do ovaries do

Answer 8

contain the ova which mature & develop when hormones released

Question 9

F- uterus

Answer 9

muscular bag where the zygote implants to develop into a foetus

Question 9

F- cervix

Answer 9

a ring of muscle which keeps developing foetus in place during pregnancy

Question 10

vagina

Answer 10

muscular tube leading to inside a woman’s body, where penis enters

Question 11

what is the menstrual cycle

Answer 11

a secondary sexual characteristic

Question 12

how long is the menstrual cycle

Answer 12

28 days

Question 13

what day does ovulation happen

Answer 13

14

Question 14

if the egg isn’t fertilised, what happens

Answer 14

menstruation begins due to uterus lining breaking down

Question 15

how long does menstruation last

Answer 15

5-7 days

Question 16

when do oestrogen levels rise

Answer 16

from day 1 to peak just before day 14

Question 17

what does oestrogen do

Answer 17

causes egg to mature & uterus lining to thicken

Question 18

what does oestrogen inhibit and when

Answer 18

LH & FSH after ovulation

Question 19

when do progesterone levels rise

Answer 19

stay low day 1 to 14, and start to rise if ovulation happens

Question 20

what does progesterone do

Answer 20

causes uterus lining to thicken even more

Question 21

what happens if progesterone levels fall

Answer 21

menstruation starts

Question 22

what does progesterone inhibit

Answer 22

LH & FSH

Question 23

FSH & LH are secreted by the

Answer 23

pituitary gland

Question 24

what does FSH do & inhibit

Answer 24

causes egg to mature in ovary and inhibits oestrogen release

Question 25

what does LH do & inhibit

Answer 25

causes ovulation to occur & inhibits progesterone production

Question 26

what happens day 1-5

Answer 26

MENSTRUATION : - Uterus lining breaks down and is shed. - Progesterone levels are low. - Low progesterone allows the pituitary gland to release FSH.

Question 26

what happens day 1-13

Answer 26

follicle development: FSH stimulates: - Growth of an egg follicle in the ovary. - The follicle to produce oestrogen. Oestrogen: - Repairs and thickens the uterus lining. - Inhibits FSH (prevents more follicles developing). - Stimulates release of LH.

Question 27

day 14

Answer 27

ovulation : - High oestrogen levels trigger a surge in LH. - LH causes ovulation – the release of a mature egg from the ovary.

Question 27

day 15-28

Answer 27

Luteal Phase: - The empty follicle becomes the corpus luteum. - Corpus luteum produces progesterone. Progesterone: - Maintains the uterus lining (ready for pregnancy). - Inhibits FSH and LH.

Question 28

if no fertilisation occurs

Answer 28

Corpus luteum breaks down. Progesterone levels fall. Uterus lining is no longer maintained → menstruation begins again.

Question 29

if fertillisation occurs

Answer 29

Corpus luteum continues making progesterone. Later, the placenta takes over progesterone production to maintain pregnancy.

Question 30

what is the role of the placenta

Answer 30

allow for exchange of substances between mother and foetus as well as providing antibodies for immune protection

Question 31

what is the placenta

Answer 31

an organ which forms during pregnancy

Question 32

what substances travel from mothers blood to foetus

Answer 32

Oxygen, glucose, and amino acids

Question 33

what substances travel from foetus blood to mother

Answer 33

carbon dioxide and waste products

Question 34

does direct blood mixing occur in the placenta

Answer 34

no, substances diffuse across a thin barrier

Question 35

what does the placenta do / allow

Answer 35

It connects the mother’s blood supply to the baby’s blood supply via the umbilical cord

Question 36

what is the embryo surrounded by

Answer 36

amniotic fluid

Question 37

what holds the amniotic fluid

Answer 37

amniotic sac

Question 38

what does the amniotic fluid do (3)

Answer 38

Acts as a shock absorber. Protects the foetus from physical damage. Allows the foetus to move freely, aiding development

Question 39

oestrogen is produced in

Answer 39

ovaries

Question 40

oestrogen triggers

Answer 40

development of secondary female sexual characteristics

Question 41

what are some secondary sexual characteristic triggered by oestrogen (4)

Answer 41

Breast development Widening of hips Start of menstrual cycle Growth of body hair

Question 42

what are some secondary sexual characteristic triggered by testosterone (4)

Answer 42

Deeper voice Growth of facial and body hair Development of muscle mass Sperm production

Question 43

testosterone formed in

Answer 43

testes