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A&P 400 > Reproductive 1 (male) > Flashcards

Reproductive 1 (male) Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of male reproductive system

A

*
* Gonads produce gametes and hormones

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2
Q

Scrotum

Scrotum and associated structures

A

Cutaneous outpouching of abdomen that houses and supports testes

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3
Q

Scrotal septum

Scrotum and associated structures

A

separates right and left cavities

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4
Q

Raphe of scrotum

Scrotum and associated structures

A

raised thickening separating middle of scrotum

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5
Q

Dartos muscle

Scrotum and associated structures

A

Smooth muscle of the skin of scrotum. Elevates and contracts scrotum

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6
Q

Cremaster muscle

Scrotum and associated structures

A

Contracts to pull testes closer to body during arousal or cold temperature

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7
Q

Spermatic cords

Scrotum and associated structures

A

Connect testes to abdominopelvic cavity - has ductus deferens, vessels, nerves

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8
Q

Superficial inguinal ring

Scrotum and associated structures

A

entrance to inguinal canal

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9
Q

The testes descends

The testes

A

starts in abdominal cavity near kidneys

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10
Q

Tunica vaginalis

The testes

A

Membrane derived from peritoneum partially covering testes

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11
Q

Hydrocele

The testes

A

fluid build up in tunica vaginalis

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12
Q

Tunica albuginea

The testes

A

Dense, irregular CT capsule, deep to tunica vaginalis

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13
Q

Seminiferous tubules

The testes

A

within lobules of tunica albuginea. Where spermatogenesis happens

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14
Q

Spaces b/w seminiferous tubules contain

The testes

A

areolar tissue, blood vessels, interstitial endocrine cells

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15
Q

Interstitial endocrine cells (Leydig cells)

Cells of the seminiferous tubules

A

Produce androgens such as testosterone and androstenedione

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16
Q

Sustentacular cells (Sertoli/nurse cells)

Cells of the seminiferous tubules

A

release inhibin, form blood-testis barrier, produce fluid, protect/nourish/support developing sperm

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17
Q

Blood-testis barrier

Cells of the seminiferous tubules

A

Isolate developing gametes from blood - prevent immune response against sperm cells

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18
Q

Spermatogonia

Cells of the seminiferous tubules

A

stem cells

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19
Q

Spermatocytes

Cells of the seminiferous tubules

A

undergo meiosis

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20
Q

Spermatids

Cells of the seminiferous tubules

A

Develop into mature sperm

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21
Q

Spermiation

Cells of the seminiferous tubules

A

When sperm loses attachment to nurse cell and enter tubule lumen

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22
Q

4 basic steps

Spermatogenesis

A
  1. Spermatogonium, 2. meiosis, 3. spermiogenesis, 4. spermiation
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23
Q

Spermatogonium

A

Stem cells that undergo mitosis. Remain dormant until puberty

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24
Q

Spermatogonium cell type

A

diploid

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25
Primary spermatocytes
spermatogonium that push through blood-testis barrier
26
Meiosis primary spermatocytes
diploid, undergo meiosis 1, resulting in 2 secondary spermatocytes
27
Meiosis secondary spermatocytes
Haploids, undergo meiosis 2, resulting in 4 spermatids
28
Spermiogeneis
spermatid changes into sperm. Forms acrosome (cap) & flagellum
29
Spermiation
Sperm cells released into lumen of seminiferous tubules. Sperm not able to swim, are moved by fluid
30
Head of sperm
contains nucleus with 23 chromosomes and acrosome (cap) with proteins
31
Neck of sperm
holds microtubules
32
Middle piece of sperm
contains mitochondria to provide ATP for tail movements
33
Tail (flagellum) of sperm
Whiplike organelle that moves the sperm
34
Capacitation
Sperm released from testes are physically mature. Immobile and incapable of fertilizing oocyte
35
Two steps of capacitation
1. Sperm become motile when mixed with seminal gland secretions 2. Sperm become capable of fertilization when exposed to female reprod. tract
36
Sperm path through reprod. tract
Epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
37
Epididymis
Start of male reprod. tract. Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Has steriocilia to increase surface area. Maturation/storage area for sperm
38
3 sections of epididymis
Head, body, tail
39
Epididymis head
receives spermatozoa from efferent ductules
40
Epididymis body
Extends inferiorly along the posterior surface of the testis
41
Epididymis tail
Starts near the inferior border of the testis, Number of coils decreases, Connects with the ductus deferens
42
Epididymis histology
layer of smooth muscle, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
43
Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
Stores sperm and projects them to urethra during ejaculation
44
Ductus deferens pathway
Goes around bladder and joins seminal vesicles to form ejaculatory duct. Empties into prostatic urethra
45
Ductus deferens histology
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
46
Ejaculatory ducts
Union of seminal vesicle ducts & ducti deferens. Ejects spermatozoa into prostatic urethra
47
Urethra
shared terminal duct of reproduction and urinary systems - passage for urine/semen
48
3 portions of urethra
prostatic, membranous, spongy (cavernous)
49
Seminal gland
B/w posterior bladder and rectum. Produces 60% of semen volume
50
Prostate gland
encircles proximal urethra. Secretes seminalplasmin. 20-30% of semen volume
51
Seminalplasmin
Antibiotic that may help prevent urinary tract infections in males
52
Bulbo-urethral glands
Located at base of penis, secrete thick alkaline mucus to lubricate tip and neutralize acids
53
Semen contains
sperm and seminal fluid. Coagulates and reliquifies to protect from acidic vaginal environment
54
Penis two function
conduct urine, conduct semen into vagina
55
Root of penis
attaches penis to body wall inferior to pubic symphysis
56
Bulb
expanded posterior continuation of corpus sponginosum
57
Crura
2 separated portions of corpora cavernosa
58
Body of penis
shaft
59
Glans penis
expanded distal end of penis
60
Erectile tissue 3 masses
corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum, erectile tissue
61
Corpora cavernosa
Two cylindrical masses on dorsal surface of penis
62
Corpus spongiosum
surrounds urethra, expands at tip to form glans
63
Erectile tissue
3d network of vascular spaces
64
Arousal
parasympathetic stimulation through pelvic nerves, release of nitric oxide
65
Emission or ejaculation
sympathetic activation. Peristaltic contractions push sperm into urethra. Glands release fluid and mix with sperm, forming semen
66
Impotence
Inability to maintain or achieve erection
67
Causes of impotence
vascular changes, neural command interference, psychological factors
68
ED meds do what
temporarily inactivate enzymes opposing NO, allowing for more NO
69
Hypothalamus
Secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) - targets anterior lobe of pituitary gland
70
Pituitary
secretes luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
71
Luteinizing hormone
Target interstitial cells of testes, which secrete testosterone + androgens. Negative feedback loop. Once test levels reached, stops release of (GnRH)
72
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Target nurse cells of seminiferous tubules. Promotes spermatogenesis. Secrete Androgen-binding protein and inhibin
73
Androgen-binding protein
Develops more sperm and stimulates maturation of sperms
74
Inhibin
Inhibits FSH. Provides negative feedback controlling spermatogenesis
75
Testosterone
Principal androgen, synthesized from cholesterol, lipid soluble, external genetalis and prostate transform to DHT
76
Effects of testosterone prenatally
stimulates development of male reprod. system and descent of testes
77
Effects of testosterone puberty
enlarge male sex organs, spermatogenesis, sex drive, secondary sex characteristics - hairs, muscles
78
Effects of testosterone after puberty
maintains libido, bone and muscle growth, maintain glands and organs
79
Effects of dihydrotestosterone DHT
10% of circulating testosterone, other tissues more sensitive to DHT - prostate and hair follicles

A&P 400 (14 decks)

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