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Medical Conditions Block 2 > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Swelling of testicles

A

Trauma , infection, tumor

Inguinal hernia / abdominal organ entering scrotum

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2
Q

Absence of testicles in scrotum

A

Cryptorchid : flanked/abdominal
Unilateral and bilateral
Know if pet is already neutered
May need to surgically search for testicles or test testosterone

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3
Q

Discharge from penis or vulva

A

Can also be from urinary
Can be normal (semen/blood)
Abnormal: blood, pus, mucus, watery

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4
Q

Vulvar swelling

A

Females/spayed
Normal during heat (in tact)
Trauma/inflammation/infection

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5
Q

Penis trapped outside of prepuce

A 
Paraphimosis 
Swells/trapped outside prepuce 
Goes back when pet relaxes 
If prolonged, gets stuck 
Sedate to relax 
Lubricate and use anti inflammatory 
Can stitch hole smaller so penis stays in
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6
Q

Swelling of abdomen

A

Pregnancy
Pyometra
Ovarian tumor
May or may not be painful

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7
Q

Licking genitalia excessively

A

Anus/penis/vulva
After urination/random
Remove signs of discharge
Itchy/irritated/cleaning (some licking normal)

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8
Q

Dystocia

A

Difficult giving birth
30-60 min active straining
Weakness of mother
Pup/kitten in canal for 10 minutes
Green discharge=broke placenta, kittens can suffocate
Queens can take 24 hour break, dogs can’t

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9
Q

Infertility

A 
Congenital 
Infection 
Trauma 
Ovarian cyst, endometrial, hyperplasia 
Hypothyroid, cushings, addisons
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10
Q

Constipation

A

Prostate enlarges with intact males (normal/infection/tumor
Press on colon, constipation occurs
Can be from pelvic trauma

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11
Q

Malaise

A

Fever
Anorexic
Abdominal pain

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12
Q

Different blood tests

A 
CBC 
Chemistry 
Relaxin 
Thyroid testing 
Sex hormone testing
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13
Q

CBC

A

Infections (increased WBC)

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14
Q

Chemistry

A

Checks other organs

Kidney, liver, protein, electrolytes

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15
Q

Relaxin blood test

A

Relaxin released from placenta
No release = pseudo pregnancy
22-27 days

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16
Q

Thyroid testing blood test

A

Test T4 and TSH

Hyper thyroid and hypothyroid

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17
Q

Sex hormone testing

A

Progesterone
Estrogen
Testosterone

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18
Q

What can high levels of testosterone indicate

A

Cryptorchid

Hormone producing tumor

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19
Q

What can high estrogen in blood indicate

A

Hormone producing tumor

Incomplete spay

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20
Q

What can progesterone blood tests do

A

Predict ovulation in dogs 3-5 days into heat every 2-3 days
When progesterone is at 2.5ng/ml breeding can start
Then collect /ship semen sample

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21
Q

Natural breeding

A

Ideal time for insemination (5-7 days)

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22
Q

Artificial insemination with fresh chilled semen

A

48-72 hours

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23
Q

Artificial insemination with frozen semen

A

24 hours

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24
Q

Urinalysis

A

Free catch
Includes sediment from reproduction
Can show infection (usually in both systems)
Pyometra , prostatitis, trauma, cancer cells

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25
3 ways to do prostate exam
Rectal palpation Prostatic biopsy with ultrasound Xray for prostate
26
Rectal palpation
Can feel prostate on rectal exam
27
Prostatic biopsy with ultrasound
Can see abscess
28
X-ray for prostate
Can see enlarged prostate
29
Semen evaluation
``` # Viability of sperm Cytology Yellow/brown/red = contamination with urine/blood Test for brucellosis WBC/RBC- infection Steroids? Sick recently? Trauma? Cancer? ```
30
Vaginal cytology
Determines stage of estrous cycle | Use q tip to collect and smear on microscope
31
What cell types can be seen on vaginal cytology
Parabasal Intermediate Superficial
32
Culture and C/s
Bacteria present | Sensitivity to antibiotics
33
Radiographs
Pregnancy- 45 days to count fetuses Tumors of reproduction tract Dystocias- puppies lining up/too big
34
Ultrasound
``` Pregnancy (movement/bladder) Dystocia/puppy distress Metritis (retains placenta / fetus) Pyometra (pus in uterus) Ovarian cysts ```
35
Types of drugs that can be used
Antibiotics Hormones Pain meds
36
Antibiotics
``` Infection pyometra prostatitis spay and neuter Can cause resistance to antibiotics Upset normal flora (take probiotics) Gastroenteritis VD Check storage and handling instructions ```
37
Hormones
``` Treats infertility Prevent pregnancy (many side effects) No safe way to prevent and terminate dogs and cats ```
38
Types of hormones
``` Ovaban (megestral acetate) Abortion pill Steroids Prostaglandins Oxytocin ```
39
Ovaban
Megestral acetate Birth control, prevents pregnancy SE: cancer, pyometra, diabetes (cats) Addison's (dogs) Used for breeding dogs but not recommended Anti estrogen : suppresses heat cycles and adrenal glands
40
Abortion pill 3 options
Prostaglandins Estrogen Steroids No drug works great
41
Estrogen
Fertilized egg can't implant in uterus Cancer risk and long term infertility Pyometra, bone marrow suppression, cancer risk
42
Steroids
Late stages of gestation | Pass dead fetuses (traumatic)
43
Prostaglandins
Decrease progesterone levels which are needed to maintain pregnancy (support placenta) Can cause pyometra Safer than estrogen
44
Oxytocin
Induce and stimulate uterine contractions Milk production Expel retained placenta Not useful if puppy can't fit
45
Pain meds
NSAIDS | Narcotics
46
Infertility males/females
Not common unless clinics have breeders as clients | Semen exam, vaginal cytology, hormone levels to diagnose
47
False pregnancy
``` Pseudo pregnancy Cats/dogs Following estrous Physical and behavioural changes Ultrasounds and blood test (relaxin) to diagnose ```
48
3 ways to prevent pregnancy
``` Ovariohysterectomy Orchidectomy (castration) Vasectomy Chemical castration Vasectomy ```
49
Ovariohysterectomy
``` Best way to avoid Do at young age (less risk with surgery) Reduced mammary gland risk Spay or neuter after breeding finished Done if pyometra or hyperplasia ```
50
When to avoid ovariohysterectomy
``` During heat cycle (dogs) - large vessels and increased bleeding risk Old pets (long recovery time) ```
51
Orchidectomy (castration)
Removal of testes
52
Chemical restraint
Ovaban (bad side effects) Neutersol injection at 3-10 months. Makes puppy infertile but still has testicular cancer/behavioural problem risks. Shelter dogs, no anesthetic needed Not on market
53
Vasectomy
Catteries Induces ovulation but postpones actual pregnancy Brings cats out of heat Tie off vas deferens
54
Vaginitis
Discharge and licking Puppies and older dogs (UTI/urine leakage/trauma) Resolved with first estrus for puppies Smear (wbc , bacteria) cytology and c and s
55
Pyometra
Puss filled uterus (infection) Suspected cause for in tact bitch that acts sick Spay to remove infection Can use antibiotics and prostaglandins
56
Open cervix pyometra
Drains puss so they don't appear ill
57
Closed cervix pyometra
Treat with ovariohysterectomy Antibiotics (risky) No vulvar discharge, more serious
58
Cancer
``` Uncommon in spayed dogs Not spayed : vaginal, uterine, ovarian cancers Mammary gland cancers Remove ovaries and uterus if tumors May need chemo ```
59
Mammary cancer
Spay/remove mammary mass(s) in same surgery Estrogen continues to stimulate tumor growth Remove multiple masses , whole gland, whole chain
60
Diseases of pregnancy
``` Dystocia Prolonged and difficult labor Physical blockage/urinary inertia C section / sometimes use oxytocin Remove full uterus and tie off Brachyceohalic and Toy breeds ```
61
Postpartum diseases
``` Metritis Mastitis Milk fever (enclampsia) Agalactia Maternal neglect ```
62
Metritis
``` Inflammation of uterus (infection). Very sick, vaginal discharge Common with pyometra Puss in uterus (maybe) open / closed Retained placenta/fetus ```
63
Mastitis
Inflammation of one or more mammary glands Infection Sharp claws/teeth penetrating skin (puppies) Surgery to remove tissue Antibiotics, iv fluids, hospitalization
64
Milk fever (enclampsia)
``` Hypocalcemia Lack of calcium Butch restless/anxious Calcium needed for muscle contractions IV calcium, remove pups (supplement) ```
65
Agalactia
Does not produce enough milk Pups always hungry and not gaining weight Inadequate diet/large liter Supplement milk or improve diet
66
Congenital problems of puppies and kittens
Swimmers Cleft palate Hernias
67
Swimmers
Weak muscles in hind legs Unable to stand/walk Most recover Place on rough surfaces/kept at ideal weight
68
Cleft palate
Difficulty nursing/not gaining weight Cough when drinking Feed with tube until old enough to repair (3-4 months) Inherited, brachycephalic; don't breed
69
Hernias
``` Hereditary; seen at birth Trauma, umbilicus, whelping Hiatal hernia Inguinal hernia Umbilical hernia ```
70
Hiatal hernia
Stomach moves into and out of diaphragm Need surgical corrections Mild-antacids and bland diet
71
Umbilical hernia
Typically fat | Surgical repair
72
Maternal problems
Poor nutrition of mother Inadequate vaccinations Puppies may be unhealthy / not growing well At risk of infectious disease: no antibodies in colostrum May need to hand raise
73
Infectious problems
Umbilical infections Septicemia Poor sanitation Bacterial/viral/ parasitic
74
Husbandry problems
Follow temperature guidelines Keep clean, remove towels/pee pads/let dam outside for bathroom Minimize socialization with strangers Quiet area
75
Raising puppies and kittens by hand
Warmth Weights Food
76
Warmth
Incubators | Accurate thermometers
77
Weights
Have charts/accurate weights/ calorie calculator
78
Food
Proper formula | Not cow- only if you add egg / oil/ vitamins
79
Feeding method
Bottle , tube feeding, accurate weight
80
Bottle
Use bottle if they can suckle Pet or doll bottle Large enough Hoke foe milk, not too fast Hold pup or kitten in stern (less chance of aspiration)
81
Feeding tube in esophagus
``` If they can't suckle Watch foe coughing Give water, watch for coughing Once in esophagus, syringe milk in Syringing without tube in place increases chance of aspiration ```
82
Feeding amount
Need weight to determine how much to feed Split daily amount into 4-6 feedings (healthy) 6-8 (unhealthy) Warm milk to body temperature Liquid or mix with water (powder)
83
Elimination
Genitals/ants swabbed gently to stimulate urination and defecation

Medical Conditions Block 2 (5 decks)

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