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Medical Conditions Block 2 > Urinary Tract Diseases > Flashcards

Urinary Tract Diseases Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Urinary tract clinical signs

List

A 
Dysuria 
Hematuria 
Pyuria 
Polyuria/polydipsia 
Oliguria 
Anuria 
Inappropriate urination
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2
Q

Dysuria

A

Difficulty urinating
May be confused with constipation
Straining with small drops of urine
Straining to urinate

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3
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in urine
May be microscopic
Flank blood

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4
Q

Pyuria

A

Pus in urine
Gives off foul smell
Associated with bacterial infection

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5
Q

Polyuria

Polydipsia

A 
Can indicate renal disease(kidney failure, UTI), endocrine disease (hyperthyroidism) 
Normal response to excessive drinking 
Certain medications (steroids/diurectics)
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6
Q

What to ask for polyuria and polydipsia

A

Ask if they are cleaning liter box/if it’s more dirty
Ask if pet needs to go out more?
Accidents in house?
Needs to go during night? (Most pets need to hold bladder over night)
Filling up water more?

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7
Q

Oliguria

A

Scant urine
Less urine than normal
Litter box cleaner, goes outside less
May see less urine at a time, smaller volumes

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8
Q

Anuria

A 
No urine 
Emergency 
Longer goes on, likely bladder rupture 
Very painful, pets uncomfortable, try to go but can't 
Cry, vocalize, appear in distress
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9
Q

Inappropriate urination

A

Cry for help
Incontinence from behavioural/senility/liter box aversion
Common reason for owners to bring to clinic /euthanize
More common with cats

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10
Q

Why can inappropriate urinating be associated with old age

A

Forget where the liter box is (senile)
Going blind, harder to get downstairs to box
Hard time getting into box (arthritic)
Can’t hold urine in to make it to the box

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11
Q

Why is inappropriate urination associated with behavioural issues

A

Don’t like liter, box, location

Had bad experience in box (noise, other cats)

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12
Q

Why is inappropriate urination associated with spraying

A

Done on vertical surfaces

Normal marking for intact male

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13
Q

Incontinence

A

Common in spayed females
Wet bed, licking vulva excessively, staining of perineum
Can be due to lack of estrogen (hormone incontinence)
Dogs more than cats
When sleeping, relaxed, walking
Urine leaks out.
Age, lose “tone”

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14
Q

Weight loss

A

Non specific sign
Protein loss in urine
Anorexia

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15
Q

Anorexia

A

High BUN (blood, urinary, nitrogen) causes appetite suppression
Feel nauseous, may vomit
Can develop sores in mouth (ulcers) that hinder appetite
General malaise, lethargy

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16
Q

Abdominal pain

A

Non specific sign
Blocked cat or dog will be very painful in abdomen
If unable to urinate, bladder will be very sore
Resents palpation of abdomen, may cry
Kidney infection can cause
Area of pain can localize problem

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17
Q

Anemia

A

Kidneys produce erythropoietin
Hormone that stimulates bone marrow to produce RBC
If kidney issue, less erythropoietin is produced
Find on CBC

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18
Q

What equals number of RBC in blood

A

Hematocrit-HTC

Packed cell volume PVC

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19
Q

Ways to collect urine

A

Free catch
Catheter
Cystocentesis

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20
Q

Free catch

A

Cheap
No stress on animal
Easily contaminated from environment or urethra (not great if culture needed)

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21
Q

How to do a free catch with dogs

A

Use cup, bowl, ladle under urine stream while outside
Some dogs more shy, harder to catch
Low to ground dogs harder

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22
Q

How to do free catch with cats

A

Use empty liter box or none absorbable cat liter

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23
Q

Scavenged free catch

A

Use syringe to draw up urine from floor, kennel

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24
Q

Catheter

A

Traumatic to urethra, difficult in female
Determines if blockage present
Used for bladder contrast radiographs
Increases risk of bladder infection
Useful only if small amount of urine present
Extra cost
Only used for male dogs (or anesthetized blocked cats)
Trauma or stress to pets

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25
Placing a female catheter
Urinary opening inside vagina | Very difficult to place catheter
26
When is a catheter essential
Concern for blockage to flush urinary tract | If injecting contrast material into bladder
27
How to insert catheter
``` Clean area Wear gloves Place catheter with lube Remove first section of urine into another container Can do with C&S ```
28
Cystocentesis
Clean urine sample directly from bladder, quick No trauma to urethra but can risk damage to bladder wall May get contamination from RBC Best for C&S
29
5 things we can do with urine
1) visual exam 2) specific gravity 3) chemistry 4) sediment exam (cytology) 5) culture and sensitivity
30
Visual exam
Notes blood, cloudy, concentration Look at urine and record appearance Colour, clear/turbid, any debris, smells Can see if light (dilute) or dark (concentrated) Red/brown-blood Normal-white/yellow
31
Specific gravity
Determine with refractometer Gives specific gravity as it relates to water (1.000) Urine is at higher end if dehydrated (to conserve water) If concentrated, kidneys doing their job If not, pet may have had large drink or not able to concentrate urine Multiple samples to confirm problem First morning sample best (more concentrated)
32
What kidney crystals most commonly seen
Triple phosphate | CA Oxalate
33
Normal dogs USG
1.020 to 1.040
34
Cats urine USG
1.025 to 1.050
35
Chemistry
Urine specific gravity Stick test Color chart determines pH, presence of blood, glucose, ketones, urobilnogen
36
How to do chemistry test
Use pipette and drop urine on squares Many people dip stick in urine samples Place urine on and record after one minute
37
Sediment exam (cytology)
Spin urine sample down in centrifuge, cytology (microscopic exam) of small pellet at bottom of tube that contains cells (RBC, WBC, kidney tubule cells, bladder lining cells, tumor cells) Crystals, bacteria, debris, sperm in intact males
38
Culture and Sensitivity
Detects bacteria in urine, goes to lab, several days for results Gold standard for cystitis Grows any bacteria and tests against various antibiotics 2-7 days up to 10 Often antibiotics given for cystitis but no actual infection Use to test antibiotic sensitivity vs resistance
39
What idiopathic disease can cats get
Idiopathic cystitis
40
What urinary snap test can be used
To detect microscopic amounts of protein in urine
41
Blood tests
CBC and chemistry
42
CBC
Can see if anemia or lots of inflammation (more often if kidney/prostate issue rather than bladder) Looks for injection
43
Chemistry
Looks at BUN and creatine , enzymes from kidney | If elevated, could mean dehydrated or kidney disease/failure (depends on urine concentration)
44
Imaging for urinary tract
Ultrasound (excellent for cystocentesis) X-rays including contrast studies of both kidneys and bladder Cystocentesis done blind or guided - useful for small bladders or fat pets (hard to feel) Can see kidneys and bladder - try to avoid urination before X-ray or ultrasound
45
Xray
See location and size of kidneys/bladder Can see contrast to see urethra, ureters Useful to check for congenital defects or infections
46
Ultrasound
See internal structures of kidney, bladder | May see stones, cancer, kidney, degeneration
47
Urinary treatments
``` IV fluids SQ fluids Antibiotics Pain relief Surgery Estrogen Phenylpropanolamine ```
48
IV fluids
Urinary system maintains hydration and PH of blood intravenous fluids and essential component of renal disease Maintain hydration (or correct dehydration) Flush urinary system Rate/types of fluid depend on problem or vet preference Depends on losing fluid (polyuria, diarrhea, vomit) and individual needs (size, other health issues Correct ph balance of blood, electrolyte (salt) balance More efficient than SQ fluids (absorb quicker) Requires pet to stay in hospital IV fluid rate= mls/kg/hr
49
SQ fluids
Cheaper and easier to give Not as well absorbed PH levels can't be corrected Less sick out patients
50
Antibiotics
``` Potentially cystitis (maybe not cats) UTIs Kidney infections (pyelonephritis) Prostate infections First choice if they don't want C&S ```
51
Problems with antibiotics
Upset normal flora | Resistance
52
Antibiotic instructions
Finish full course Stop if vomiting and diarrhea Use probiotics Storing/handling instructions
53
Pain relief
NSAIDs can be toxic to kidneys (take care) Keep pets comfortable and control pain Blocked pets, pyelnephritis, cystitis, prostatitis, bladder stones
54
Surgery
Remove stones from bladder and urethra - cystotomy Tumor removal (kidneys and bladder) Urethrostomies
55
If stones in urethra
Push back to bladder Place urinary catheter, open bladder, fish out stones Flush well, X-ray after
56
Scrotal urethrostomy
Dogs New urethral opening Made by scrotum so dog does not urinate through penis Recurrent urinary blockage, penile trauma, tumors
57
Estrogen
Incontinence in spayed female Tightens urethral sphincter Monitor CBC (bone marrow issues) Use lowest effective dose
58
Phenylpropanolamine
Safer drug for incontinence - expensive | Strengthens urethral sphincter
59
Dialysis
Not commonly used (cost) | Special machine filters blood
60
Diuresis
Common for pets | Extra fluids flush system
61
Cystitis
``` Caused by bacteria (dogs) female UTI Frequent, painful urination Diagnose: urinalysis Do C&S Easier for bacteria to crawl up vulva and reach bladder in females Frequent urination, drink more, blood Treat with antibiotics ```
62
Bladder and urethral stones
Common in dogs Diagnose with xrays and ultrasound Dalmations/newfoundlands/schnauzers predisposed Can cause blockage in bladder, kidneys , ureter, urethra Treat infection and resolve with diet to increase ph and keep crystals in urine solution
63
Calcium oxalate - small dogs
Diet, therapy to prevent or to remove Lower urine ph, liver problems Diet to flush out/dilute bladder and maintain urine ph
64
Obstruction.
Stones lodge in urethra-emergency Common in males (small tube) Partial/total obstruction Bladder may rupture
65
Incontinence
Wet spot when lying down, unaware Loss of voluntary control of urine Hormonal (spayed females, decreased estrogen levels) Treat with estrogen or phenylpropolamine
66
Submissive incontinence
Stress induced/punished dogs/excitement Puppies, get better with age Sphincter loosens
67
Neurotic incontinence
Nerve damage Stroke, spinal injury and trauma, IVDD, tumor May improve with time Treat underlying cause
68
FLUTD
Feline lower urinary tract disease Dysuria , hematuria, inappropriate urination Worst case scenario- cat gets obstructed Struvite / calcium oxalate cause blockage Young males
69
Hyperplasia
``` Prostate disease Intact males Press on rectum and cause constipation Diagnose with rectal exam Treat with castration ```
70
Prostatitis
Inflammation of prostate gland Dog in pain, fever Neuter/antibiotics/C&S
71
Kidney disease congenital problems
Severe and bilateral is fatal One kidney usually OK Some breeds predisposed and have lumpy defective kidneys
72
Poly cystic kidney disease
``` Persian cats Inherited Fluid filled sacs fill up normal kidney tissue Screen before breeding Leads to fatal kidney failure ```
73
Pyelnephritis (kidney infection)
Transferred to kidneys from bladder Acute or chronic Prolonged antibiotics after C&S and ultrasound Anorexia, lethargic, pain, fever
74
Kidney failure
``` Can be acute or chronic Congenital Antifreeze Autoimmune disease Drugs (NSAIDs) Obstructions See build up of BUN and creative- can't filter blood of toxins pU and PD Treat underlying cause ```
75
Acute kidney failure
Infection, trauma, drug, heart IV fluids diuresis to flush out system Antibiotics or remove drugs and stone May become chronic if damage not reversible
76
Chronic kidney failure
More common Cats can live for years Supportive care (diet, drugs, fluids)
77
Toxicity
Antifreeze Tastes sweet, common toxicity, often fatal Toxic to kidneys, need to be seen ASAP Liver breaks down antifreeze , byproduct damages kidneys Causes acute renal failure Lethargic, anorexic, vomit, seizures D: blood work T: iv fluids, supportive care, activated charcoal, ethanol
78
Hypertension
Caused by kidney disease - kidneys and arteries narrow High BP worsens kidney disease Drugs to lower BP, no cure Kidneys don't receive nutrients/they weaken/sections die

Medical Conditions Block 2 (5 decks)

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