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IPAP Class 21-2 > Reproductive APII- Female > Flashcards

Reproductive APII- Female Flashcards

1
Q

Main organs of the female reproductive system

A 
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
External organs
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2
Q

What systems do mammary glands belong?

A

integumentary and reproductive systems

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3
Q

Describe female gonads

A

Resemble unshelled almonds in size and shape

Produce gametes

Produce hormones

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4
Q

What hormones are produced in the ovaries?

A

Progesterone
Estrogen
Inhibin
Relaxin

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5
Q

What holds the ovaries in place?

A

Broad ligament
Ovarian ligament
Suspensory ligament

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6
Q

Attaches ovaries to pelvic wall

A

Suspensory ligament

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7
Q

Anchors ovaries to uterus

A

Ovarian ligament

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8
Q

Encompasses ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus

A

Broad ligament

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9
Q

what is contained in the hilum?

A

Point of entrance or exit for blood vessels and nerves

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10
Q

Covers surface of ovary

A

Germinal epithelium

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11
Q

White capsule of dense irregular connective tissue deep to the germinal epithelium

A

Tunica albuginea

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12
Q

Deep to tunica albuginea, consists of ovarian follicles which are surrounded by dense connective tissue layer that contains collagen fibers and fibroblast-like cells called stromal cells

A

Ovarian cortex

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13
Q

Ovarian medulla

A

Deep to the ovarian cortex, consists of more loosely arranged connective tissue which contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

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14
Q

Ovarian follicles

A

Lie in the cortex, consist of oocytes in various stages of development plus the cells surrounding them

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15
Q

Granulosa cells

A

Begin with cells in single layer awaiting oogenesis

Example: primordial follicle

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16
Q

Under the influence of what do cells multiply into layers

Example: primary and secondary follicles

A

FSH

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17
Q

Mature (graafian) follicle

A

Large, fluid filled follicle that is ready to rupture

Expels the secondary oocyte (process of ovulation)

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18
Q

Corpus luteum (yellow body)

A

Contains remnants of mature follicle after ovulation

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19
Q

What hormones are produced by the corpus luteum?

A

Produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin and inhibin until it degenerates

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20
Q

What does the corpus luteum degenerate into?

A

Corpus albicans

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21
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Formation of gametes in ovaries

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22
Q

When does oogenesis begin in females vs males?

A

Females = before birth

Males = at puberty (spermatogenesis)

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23
Q

General overview of oogenesis

A

Mitosis (stops at menopause)
Meiosis
Maturation

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24
Q

@ 4th of week of fetal development, what is happening?

A

Primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sac to gonadal ridge

-immature germ cell= oogonia

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25
Q

At 20 weeks oogonia are diploid stem cells that do what?

A

Undergo mitosis to produce 6-7 million oogonia called oocytes after meiosis

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26
Q

What is the fate of oocytes until puberty?

A

arrested state

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27
Q

What surrounds the arrested oocyte?

A

granulosa cells = primordial follicle

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28
Q

At what stage do females generate her entire life time supply of primordial follicles

A

Mid-gestation

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29
Q

How many primordial follicles are needed for for ovulation and what stimulates this development?

A

10-30,

FSH/LH

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30
Q

What do primordial follicles morph into?

A

Primary follicles with multiple layers of granulosa cells.

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31
Q

What does a primary follicle produce in small amounts inside the follicle?

A

estrogen containing fluid

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32
Q

Stromal cells surrounding basement membrane

A

Theca folliculi-

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33
Q

Contained maturation turns primary follicle into what?

A

Secondary follicle

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34
Q

What are the two layers of theca folliculi ?

A

Theca interna

Theca externa

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35
Q

Theca interna

A

highly vascularized cells, secretes precursor androgen that granulosa cells convert into estrogen

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36
Q

Theca externa

A

outer layer of stromal cells and collagen fibers

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37
Q

Granulosa cells

A

Continues to secrete estrogen-containing fluid that builds up in a cavity called the antrum (in center of secondary follicle)

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38
Q

Corona radiata

A

Innermost layer of granulosa cells converts into cumulus-granulosa cells, which attach to the oocyte

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39
Q

Zona pellucida

A

As the oocyte develops, it secretes a gel-like matrix that coats itself

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40
Q

What is the relative size of haploid cells produced after meiosis of mature follicles?

A

UNEQUAL SIZE

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41
Q

The smaller haploid cell is called the,

the larger?

A

FIRST POLAR BODY

secondary oocyte

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42
Q

What does the first polar body consist of?

A

Packet of discarded nuclear material

Either degenerates or divides to form non-functional cells

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43
Q

What does the secondary oocyte do?

A

Receives most of the cytoplasm

Begins meiosis II but stops in metaphase

Is then released (ovulation)

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44
Q

if fertilization does not occur what happens?

A

all cells degenerate

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45
Q

When is a diploid zygote created?

A

After the secondary oocyte splits and sperm penetrates, the ovum becomes larger and is added to the nuclei of the sperm.

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46
Q

After ovulation what surrounds the mature follicle?

A

currents produced by fimbrae

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47
Q

Where does the oocyte pull after the peritoneal cavity

A

fallopian tube

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48
Q

What type of movement pulls the secondary oocyte towards the uterus?

A

Peristaltic movement

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49
Q

Where does sperm usually encounter the secondary oocyte?

A

The ampulla of fallopian tube

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50
Q

what is a fertilized oocyte called?

A

diploid zygote

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51
Q

Where does the zygote go and what does it do?

A

begins cell division while moving towards the uterine wall 6-7 days after ovulation

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52
Q

Uterus is superior to the bladder and projects anteriorly. What is this called?

A

Anteflexion

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53
Q

The uterus is ___ to the rectum

A

Anterior

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54
Q

What 4 main things happen in the uterus?

A

Part of the pathway for sperm deposited in the vagina to reach the uterine tube

Site of implantation of the fertilized ovum,

Development of the fetus during pregnancy/labor

If implantation does not occur, uterus is source of menstrual flow

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55
Q

What are the two peritoneal pouches?

A

Vesicouterine pouch

Rectouterine pouch

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56
Q

Uterus Anatomy

Fundus-

Body-

Cervix-

Isthmus-

Uterine cavity-

Cervical canal-

A

top of the uterus

central portion

inferior extension of uterus into vaginal canal

region between the body and the cervix.

interior of the body

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57
Q

Internal os

External os

A

opening of the canal into the uterus

opening of the canal into the vagina

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58
Q

The 3 histological layers of the uterus external to internal

A

Perimetrium

Myometrium

Endometrium

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59
Q

Laterally becomes broad ligament
Anteriorly covers bladder, forms vesicouterine pouch
Posteriorly covers rectum, forms rectouterine pouch

A

Perimetrium

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60
Q

rectouterine pouch

A

This is the inferior most location in the abdominal cavity

Tends to be where fluid collects

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61
Q

consisting of three layers of smooth muscle

A

Myometrium

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62
Q

Stratum functionalis layer- shed each month during menstruation

A

Endometrium

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63
Q

Stratum basalis layer- permanent, gives rise to what?

A

New stratum functionalis layer

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64
Q

UTERINE LIGAMENTS

Broad Ligaments-

Uterosacral Ligaments-

Cardinal (lateral) Ligaments

Round Ligaments-

A

double folds of peritoneum
Encompasses ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus

peritoneal extensions
Lie on either side of rectum
Connect uterus (specifically cervix) to sacrum

Inferior to base of broad ligaments
Extend from pelvic wall to cervix and vagina

fibrous connective tissue between broad ligaments

65
Q

Branches of what arteries supply the uterus?

A

internal illiac

66
Q

What branches off the uterine arteries?

A

Arcuate arteries, radial arteries , then before you enter the endometrium branch into straight arterioles and spiral arterioles

67
Q

Straight arteriole

Spiral arteriole

A

supply stratum basalis

supply stratum functionalis*

68
Q

Uterine veins emtpty into where?

A

internal illiac veins

69
Q

A cervix that has never passed a fetus

A

Nulliparous

70
Q

A cervix that has passed a fetus

A

Parous

71
Q

Ectocervix

A

lined with multi-layered stratified squamous epithelium

72
Q

Endocervix

A

lined with single-layer tall columnar epithelium

Much thinner/fragile
Contains multiple lubricating glands

73
Q

Squamocolumnar Junction (SCJ)

A

Where the two types of cells meet

Location dependent on
Hormones, age, birth trauma
When fragile columnar cells exposed to acidic vagina, metaplasia occurs forming a new SCJ

74
Q

Transformation Zone

A

Space between original and new SCJ

This appears shiny

75
Q

Cells within where are susceptible to HPV infection?

A

Transformation Zone

76
Q

Tubular, 4 inch long fibromuscular canal

Lined with a mucous membrane that extends from exterior of body to cervix

A

Vagina

77
Q

Fornix

A

Recess (area) that surrounds vaginal attachment to cervix

78
Q

Anchors vagina to adjacent organs

A

Adventitia

79
Q

Composed of an outer circular layer and inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle.

What does this layer allow?

A

Muscularis

This allows the vagina to stretch during intercourse and childbirth

80
Q

Continuous with that of the uterus

A

Mucosa

81
Q

The vulva AKA refers to what?

A

pudenum

Mons Pubis
Labia Major
Labia Minora

82
Q

Clitoris

A

Contains erectile tissue (corpora cavernosa) and numerous blood vessels and nerves

83
Q

layer of skin formed at the point where labia minora unite, covers body of clitoris

A

Prepuce

84
Q

glans clitoris

A

exposed portion of clitoris

85
Q

Vestibule

contains what 4 things?

A

hymen
vaginal orifice
external urethral orifice
openings of ducts of several glands

86
Q

Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands

A

lateral to urethral orifice
secrete mucous
embedded in the wall of the urethra

87
Q

Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands

A

lateral to vaginal orifice

produce mucous during sexual arousal to provide lubrication

88
Q

Bulbs of the vestibule

A

Has two masses of erectile tissue that engorge during sexual arousal to narrow the vaginal orifice applying pressure during intercourse

89
Q

Corpus cavernosum of Clitoris

A

Erectile and very sensitive tissue that fill with blood during sexual arousal as well

90
Q

Distal portion of the corpus cavernosum of clitoris is the what?

A

Glans Clitoris

91
Q

Diamond shaped area medial to thighs and buttocks

A

Perineum in males and females

92
Q

What does the perineum contain?

A

external genitalia and anus

93
Q

Anterior aspect of perineum

A

Pubic symphysis

94
Q

Ischial tuberosity- lateral apsects

A

A transverse line drawn from one tuberosity to the other

95
Q

Diamond of perineum divides into what?

A

Urogenital triangle

Anal triangle

96
Q

Posterior aspect of perineum?

A

coccyx

97
Q

What muscles do the mammary glands lie anterior?

A

Pectoralis major

Serratus anterior

98
Q

Lactiferous ducts

A

series of closely spaced openings where milk emerges

99
Q

Coopers ligaments

A

between breast skin and fascia

100
Q

How many mammary glands are in each breast?

A

One

101
Q

How many lobes are in each glans

A

15-20

102
Q

What is in a lobe?

A

Lobules filled with alveoli that secrete milk

103
Q

Functions of mammary glands

A

Lactation- synthesis, secretion, and ejection of milk

104
Q

What is the range for a reproductive cycle?

A

24-36 days

105
Q

Hormones from where control oogenesis

A

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

106
Q

2 cycles within reproductive cycle

A

Ovarian cycle

Uterine cycle

107
Q

Includes changes that occur during and after maturation of the oocyte

A

Ovarian cycle

108
Q

Uterine cycle

A

Involves changes in the endometrium that prepare it for implantation of the developing embryo

If fertilization does not occur, the ovarian hormones recede and cause sloughing of the stratum functionalis

109
Q

Released from the hypothalamus
Controls both the ovarian and uterine cycles
Stimulates release of LH and FSH

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

110
Q

Initiates follicular growth

Androgens (made by LH) taken up by the granulosa cells and turns it into estrogen

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

111
Q

Stimulates further development of ovarian follicles

Stimulates theca cells to produce androgens

Triggers ovulation (mid-cycle)

A

Luteinizing Hormone

112
Q

What does LH help to form?

What hormones does this secrete?

A

Corpus luteum

Progesterone

Relaxin*-Very small amounts produced unless fertilization occurs

Inhibin*-Very small amounts produced unless fertilization occurs

113
Q

Promotes development and maintenance of
Reproductive structures
Breasts
2° sex characteristics

Increases protein anabolism
Includes building of strong bones
Synergistic with hGH

A

Estrogen

114
Q

How does estrogen affect cholesterol and the blood?

A

Lower blood cholesterol

Moderate levels of estrogen in blood inhibit release of GnRH and secretion of FSH/LH

115
Q

Progesterone is secreted by cells of what?

A

Corpus luteum

116
Q

Synergistic with estrogen to prepare and maintain endometrium

Helps to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion

High levels also inhibit secretion of GnRH and LH

A

Progesterone

117
Q

During pregnancy, placenta produces much more of this which helps stave off uterine contractions
Thought to help increase flexibility of pubic symphysis and help dilate cervix during labor

A

Relaxin

118
Q

Secreted by granulosa cells (of growing follicles) and corpus luteum after ovulation
Inhibits secretion of FSH and (too a lesser extent) LH

A

Inhibin

119
Q

4 phases of reproductive cycle

A

Menstrual (day 1-5)

Preovulatory (day 6-13)

Ovulation (day 14 or 15)

Postovulatory (15-28)

120
Q

Menstrual and preovulatory phases =

Ovulation and postovulatory phases =

Preovulatory phase =

Postovulatory phase =

A

Follicular

Luteal

Proliferative

Secretory

121
Q

Increased FSH starts what inside the ovaries?

A

the progression of primordial follicles into primary follicles

122
Q

What happens with declining levels of progesterone and estrogen?

(3 steps)

A

release of prostaglandins

Prostaglandins cause spiral arterioles to constrict

The dying of these cells forces the stratum functionalis layer to slough off causing menses

123
Q

Approximately on day 10, one of the secondary follicles does what?

A

has outgrown all others to become the dominant follicle

124
Q

The estrogen and inhibin secreted by the dominant follicle does what?

A

decreases the release of FSH

125
Q

The dominant follicle

A

Mature (graafian) follicle

126
Q

Estrogen production is increased as the size what?

A

The follicle increases

127
Q

What stimulates the repair of the endometrium?

A

Estrogen liberated into blood by growing follicles

128
Q

As the endometrium thickens what happens?

A

the short straight endometrial glands develop, the arterioles coil and lengthen as they penetrate the stratum functionalis

Endometrium doubles in size, now 4-10mm in thickness

129
Q

What day of the cycle does the mature follicle rupture?

A

Day 14 of a 28 day cycle

130
Q

High levels of estrogen in pre-ovulatory phase exert what type of feedback?

A

Positive feedback for LH and GnRH

Causing ovulation

131
Q

After ovulation what happens to mature follicles?

A

They collapse

The basement membrane breaks down

LH causes these cells to become corpus luteum.

132
Q

What is the lifespan of the corpus luteum?

A

2 weeks

133
Q

Hormone decline causes the corpus luteum to do what?

A

degenerates into the corpus albicans

134
Q

Where does sperm penetrate in order to initiate meiosis II?

A

zona pellucida

135
Q

After the sperm enters the secondary oocyte what happens?

A

Ovum and second polar body produced

-pro nuclei = zygote

136
Q

What rescues the corpus luteum pass its 2 week lifespan?

A

human chorionic gonadotropic hormone

137
Q

What is the first clinical sign of positive pregnancy

A

hCG hormone

138
Q

_________ and _______________ produced by corpus luteum
Promote growth and coiling of the endometrial glands
Vascularization of the superficial endometrium
Thickening of the endometrium (12-18mm)

A

Progesterone and Estrogen

139
Q

Withdrawal of estrogen and progesterone cause

A

Menstruation

140
Q

Four stages of female orgasm

A

Excitement

Plateau Phase

Orgasm Phase

Resolution Phase

141
Q

prostate specific antigen which are homologous to prostate, are produced where?

A

skenes glands

142
Q

What is the composition of female ejaculate?

A

urine
prostate specific antigen
bartholin gland secretion

143
Q

Resolution phase is what type of response?

A

sympathetic

144
Q

Excitement phase is what type of response?

A

parasympathetic

145
Q

Describe the male vasectomy

A

Ductus (vas) deferens is removed on two sides and tied.

BV are not cut so testosterone levels remain the same

146
Q

What happens to sperm after a vasectomy?

A

continues in the testes but cant reach the exterior

147
Q

Describe female tubal ligation

A

Uterine tubes are tied and cut, cauterized or clamped/clipped

These processes are to prevent the secondary oocyte from passing through the tubes or sperm from getting to the oocyte in the tubes

148
Q

Describe female Non-incisional Sterilization

A

Irreversible procedure as alternative to tubal ligation

Coil inserted into the tubes which causes scar tissue to form

149
Q

What do some hormonal methods contain?

A

Progestin , with action similar to progesterone

150
Q

What is unique about oral contraceptives that contain both estrogen and progestin

A

The combined forms inhibit ovulation by suppressing the FSH/LH

Low levels of FSH/LH prevents development of dominant follicle in ovary

151
Q

Oral Contraceptives

Noncontraceptive benefits

A

Regulation of length of menstrual cycle
Decreased menstrual flow (decreased risk of anemia)
Provides protection against endometrial and ovarian cancers
Reduces risk of endometriosis

152
Q

Noncontraceptive Risks

to oral contraceptives

A

women with blood clotting disorders, cerebral blood vessel damage, migraine headaches, hypertension, liver malfunction, heart disease are not advised oral contraceptive.

153
Q

IUD’s

A

Made of plastic, copper, or stainless steel
Inserted into the internal os of the uterus
Prevents sperm from entering uterus

154
Q

Spermicides

A

Foams, creams, jellies, suppositories and douches that contain sperm-killing agents
Make the vagina unfavorable for sperm survival
Available without prescription

155
Q

pain with ovulation is called?

A

mittelschmerz

“helpful if using periodic abstinence”

156
Q

Abortion occurs usually before what week?

A

20th week

157
Q

Female aging reproductive system

A

Between 40-50 years old, ovarian pool is exhausted

Production of estrogen declines no matter how much

FSH/LH is released from ant. pit
Hot flashes and heavy sweating start to occur from the surge of GnRH

With loss of estrogen, decrease in bone mineral density occurs

158
Q

Male aging reproductive system

A

Healthy men maintain their reproductive capabilities into 80’s-90’s

Age 50-55 men begin decrease in testosterone synthesis
Can lead to reduced muscle strength, fewer viable sperm, reduced libido

Age 60 potentially brings increase in prostate size 2-4x’s normal called Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

IPAP Class 21-2 (12 decks)

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