Research Eval Flashcards by lauren hudson

What are the steps of the research process?

Identify the question
Design the study
Implement the study
Analyze the data
Disseminate the findings

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Explain Evidence-Based Practice

tIntegration of research evidence and clinical experience.

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what comprises unfiltered information? (3)

RCT’s
Cohort
Case-Controlled case studies

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what comprises filtered information? (3)

Systemic Review
Critically appraised topics
Critically appraised individual articles

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How does the quality of evidence change in reference to Meta-Analysis?

Quality of evidence increases up the pyramid.

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3 elements of experimental design

Descriptive Qualitative
Exploratory Observational
Explanatory Experimental

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What are the 3 studies that are comprised in Exploratory Observational studies

Systematic Reviews
Meta-Analyses
Scoping Reviews

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What is encompassed in providing external validity vs. internal validity?

External = Total population, Defined population, Study population

Internal = Study population, New treatment, Current treatment

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Data types (to describe numbers)

R-atio [true zero #s]
I-nterval [non zero #’s]
O-rdinal [rank]
N-ominal [category]

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what is the most general and least precise measure of central tendency

Mode.

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When two values occur the same number of times

Bimodal distribution

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the consistency of a measure

Reliability, highly reliable

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the accuracy of a measure

Validity, usually reliable

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Simplified process of EBP

Assess
Ask
Acquire
Appraise
Apply

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Give an example of a Therapy clinical question

determining the effect of interventions on patient-important outcomes

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Give an example of a Harm clinical question

Ascertaining the effects of potentially harmful agents

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Give an example of a Differential diagnosis clinical question

In patients with a particular
clinical presentation, establishing the frequency of the
underlying disorders

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Give an example of a Diagnosis clinical question clinical question

Establishing the power of a test to

differentiate between those with and without a target condition or disease

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Give an example of a Prognosis clinical question

Estimating a patient’s future course.

3 aspects of biostatistics

Incidence
Prevalence
Measures of Association

3 Measures of Association

Odds Ratio
Relative Risk/Risk Ratio
Hazard Ratio

Descriptive Studies include what 3 things

patterns
observations
clues to disease etiology

Exploratory/Explanatory Research includes what two categories?

Experimental-Has an active intervention
from the investigator.

Observational-Investigator observes nature

Descriptive Research

describes a group of invidiuals on a set of variables, to document their characteristics.

Developmental Research

investigates patterns of change over time within selected segments of a population, or it may chronicle the natural history of disease or disability.

Normative Studies

focus on establishing normal values for specific variables.

Case Series are used for what 2 main things

Examine adverse events or effects or new diseases Discuss the potential efficacy of a new treatment

What is the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?

In a cross-sectional study you collect data from a population at a specific point in time; in a longitudinal study you repeatedly collect data from the same sample over an extended period of time.

prevalence

(% of population)

incidence

(rate)

Simultaneous ascertainment

Examines the relationship between outcomes and other variables of interest as they exist in a defined population

Is a cross-sectional study an incidence study or prevalence?

prevalence study

OR >1

indicates increased occurrence of an event

OR <1

indicates decreased occurrence of an event (protective exposure)

Purpose of case control studies

determine if the frequency of an exposure or certain personal characteristics are different for those who did and did not get the disease.

What are the 4 outcomes a case-control study can not do

Can’t determine prevalence Can’t make causal interpretations Can’t determine incidence Can’t calculate Relative risk

Retrospective Study characteristics

start with a cohort and go back in time to evaluate past exposures to risk factors

Prospective Study characteristics

identify a group of people who are already taking a particular treatment or have an exposure, follow them forward over time, and then compare their outcomes with a similar group that has not been affected by the treatment or exposure being studied

What do retro studies require that can be hard to obtain?

require | presence of records or recall

What 3 things are protected by blinding study participants

A participant's response to the treatment A health care provider's behavior The assessment of the treatment effects

what is in the intent to treat analysis

Compares subject outcomes based on their original group assignment even if they dropped out or were non- compliant Primary reason for randomization

Another name for External Validity

generalizability

what levels Generally represents the strongest evidence

The top two levels of the EBM pyramid

What is the difference between a "systematic review" and a "meta-analysis"?

syst-thorough, comprehensive, and explicit way of interpreting the medical literature. met-a statistical approach to combine the data derived from several selected studies.

what is used to develop GPG (General Practice Guidelines)

"systematic review" and a "meta-analysis"

P values alone ______ determine clinical significance.

Do not