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BMSC 208 > Reproductive II > Flashcards

Reproductive II Flashcards

1
Q

________ – the common passageway (urine and semen)

A

Urethra

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2
Q

______ _______ – erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra, main function is to hold the urethra open during an erection (considered to have more of a procetitive function)

A

Corpus Spongiosum

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3
Q

______ _______ – two columns of spongy erectile tissue that will fill with blood (the main erectile tissue)

A

Corpora Cavernosa

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4
Q

The ________ holds the testes outside the abdominal cavity to keep them below body core temperature

A

scrotum

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5
Q

Ability to produce testosterone does/does not depend on temperature

A

does not

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6
Q

____ _______ – transport tube that allows the connection of the testes to the urethra

A

Vas Deferens

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7
Q

__________: failure of testis to descend (usually resolves itself in 1st year). -Unable to produce sperm but do still produce androgens

A

Cryptorchidism

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8
Q

Probably best known accessory gland due to its medical significance = ?

A

Prostate

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9
Q

Cancer of ______, one of most common form of cancer in men

A

prostate

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10
Q

?: (increased growth of the prostate) a problem in many men over 50.

A

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

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11
Q

____ involved in prostate development

A

DHT

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12
Q

Administration of 5a-reductase inhibitor (_________) blocks DHT production, shrinks hypertrophied prostate

A

finasteride

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13
Q

Within each compartment you have coils of _________ ______, these are the site of sperm production

A

seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

All the tubules feed into the head of the ________

A

epididymis

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15
Q

Interstitial tissue with blood vessels and Leydig cells lie between ________ ________

A

seminiferous tubules

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16
Q

Developing spermatocytes stack in columns from outer edge to lumen with ______ cells between each column

A

sertoli

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17
Q

________ cells: found in interstitial tissue produce testosterone during development then again after puberty

A

Leydig

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18
Q

_______ cells are the main controller of spermatogenesis

A

Sertoli

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19
Q

Basal lamina of tubule keep out large particles but allows __________ to enter

A

testosterone

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20
Q

Sertoli cells contain tight junctions with adjacent sertoli cells forming a blood-testis barrier between ________ _____ and __________ ______

A

tubule lumen, interstitial space

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21
Q

Germ cells (spermatogonium) reside just inside the ______ ________ of seminiferous tubules

A

basal lamina

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22
Q

As spermatocytes differentiate to sperm they move _______ the tubule lumen

A

towards

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23
Q

Sertoli _______ junctions break and reform around the migrating cells

A

tight

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24
Q

Once reaching lumen one spermatogonium becomes ___ spermatids

A

4

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25
Q

Spermatids remain embedded in apical membrane of sertoli cells while they complete transformation, losing most of their _________ and developing a ________ tail

A

cytoplasm, flagellated

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26
Q

Features of sperm:
-chromatin _________
-microtubule ________
-_______, forms a cap over the nucleus
-mid piece: _________ for energy
-spermatogonium to free sperm~___ days (200 million produced/day).

A

condenses, extension, acrosome, mitochondria, 64

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27
Q

Sperm are released from sertoli cells ______ reaching maturity

A

before

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28
Q

Sperm mature in the __________ (epididymal cells secrete proteins) during 12 or so days of transit time

A

epididymis

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29
Q

___ binds to receptors on sertoli cells causing them to generate paracrine molecules needed for spermatogonia mitosis and spermatogenesis; also produce ABP and inhibin

A

FSH

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30
Q

__________ requires gonadotropins and testosterone

A

Spermatogenesis

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31
Q

___ targets the interstitial leydig cells resulting in production of testosterone
-essential for spermatogenesis

A

LH

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32
Q

Spermatocytes do/do not have receptors for FSH, LH or androgens

A

do not

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33
Q

Testosterone is the main inhibitor of _____ all together

A

GnRH

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34
Q

Sperm are joined by the secretions of accessory glands, known as ______, a liquid medium for delivering sperm (99% accessory).

A

semen

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35
Q

What are the three accessory glands that contribute secretion to semen?

A

Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland

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36
Q

Mucus, that serves as a lubricant, comes from which accessory gland?

A

Bulbourethral

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37
Q

Enzymes and protaglandins come from which accessory gland(s)?

A

Seminal and prostate

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38
Q

Accessory gland secretions contain many different chemical substances including:
1. _______
2. ______ for protection against acidic environment
3. Chemicals to increase sperm ______
4. __________
5. Immunoglobulin’s, lysozyme and other _________ compounds
6. __________ functions

A

Nutrients, Buffers, motility, Prostaglandins, antibacterial, Protective

39
Q

___________ sex characteristics: internal sexual organs and external genitalia, which we learned are differentiated to male during embryonic development by androgens and their growth after puberty is also due to androgens.

A

Primary

40
Q

__________ sex characteristics: body shape, facial and body hair growth, (lean) muscular development, thickening of vocal chords (lowering of voice) and behavioral effects i.e. sex drive (libido), as well and temperment

A

Secondary

41
Q

________ are anabolic hormones and promote protein synthesis in the
-brain -kidneys
-heart -skin
-liver -bones

A

Androgens

42
Q

External female genitalia collectively referred to as _____

A

vulva

43
Q

Both labium act as a __________ structure

A

protective

44
Q

_______ – bud of erectile and sensory tissue

A

Clitoris

45
Q

3 layers of the uterus:
1. _________: thin outer connective tissue layer
2. ___________: a thick layer of smooth muscle
3. ____________: inner layer

A

Perimetrium, Myometrium, Endometrium

46
Q

Fallopian tube and ovary are/are not actually connected, the fimbriae are just laid overtop of the ovary

A

are not

47
Q

_________ ensure eggs released from ovary enters fallopian tube

A

Fimbriae

48
Q

The fallopian tubes contain ___ layers of smooth muscle similar to intestines and lined with _____ to move eggs to uterus

A

2, cilia

49
Q

The ovary:
-? – thick layer of connective tissue that surrounds the ovary, where eggs are produced
-? (Stroma) - inner connective tissue layer that holds it all together

A

Thick outer cortex, Small central medulla

50
Q

________ primordial follicles at puberty (wide range seen)

A

180,000

51
Q

As secondary follicle develops “antrum” forms to become ________.

A

tertiary

52
Q

A single ________ “dominant” follicle fully develops

A

tertiary

53
Q

______ cells develop in the stroma of the ovary during follicular development

A

Theca

54
Q

The eggs released during ovulation have actually been developing for about a _____ prior

A

year

55
Q

________ cells: storage of enzymes, hormones, growth factors and regulatory factors needed for oocyte maturation, ovulation and fertilization

A

Granulosa

56
Q

Females produce mature gametes in _______ cycles (avg 28 days; normal range 24-35 days)

A

monthly

57
Q

_______ phase: marked by follicular growth, most variable 10 days to 3 weeks. Starts at day 1 (first day of menstrual bleeding)

A

Follicular

58
Q

________: once one or more follicles have ripened, the ovary releases oocyte(s) during ovulation

A

Ovulation

59
Q

_______ phase : ruptured follicle transforms to corpus luteum, named for yellow pigment and lipid deposits; secretes hormones, ceases to function after two weeks

A

Luteal

60
Q

Order these as they mature:
Tertiary follicles
Numerous primordial follicles
Dominant follicle/atresia
Primary follicles
Secondary follicles

A

Numerous primordial follicles -> Primary follicles ->Secondary follicles -> Tertiary follicles -> Dominant follicle/atresia

61
Q

Bleeding starts Day ?

A

1

62
Q

Day __-__ is characterized by uterine bleeding, and multiple follicles developing

A

1-7

63
Q

Day __ is when one follicle becomes dominant

A

7

64
Q

Day __-__ is when the dominant follicle matures

A

7-14

65
Q

Day __ is when ovulation occurs

A

14

66
Q

Day __-__ is when the corpus luteum functions

A

14-25

67
Q

Day __-__ is when the corpus luteum degenerates

A

25-28

68
Q

______: the beginning of the follicular phase in ovary corresponds with menstrual bleeding from the uterus

A

Menses

69
Q

_________ phase: latter part of the follicular phase, the uterus adds new cells to the endometrium layer in anticipation of pregnancy

A

Proliferative

70
Q

________ phase: after ovulation hormones from corpus luteum covert thickened endometrium into a secretory structure

A

Secretory

71
Q

Day 1-5 is roughly the _______ phase

A

menstrual

72
Q

Day 5-13 is roughly the _______ phase

A

proliferative

73
Q

Day 15-28 is roughly the _________ phase

A

secretory

74
Q

During the follicular phase ________ is dominant

A

estrogen

75
Q

________ is triggered by surges in LH and FSH

A

Ovulation

76
Q

During luteal phase ___________ dominant

A

progesterone

77
Q

____ puts a break on the other tertiary follicles that have NOT been recruited so you don’t have a bunch during the middle of the cycle

A

AMH

78
Q

At day 1 of _________:
- pulsatile secretion of GnRH, causes production of FSH and LH
-Androgens converted to estrogens
-estrogen causes endometrium proliferation

A

menstruation

79
Q

In the later _______ phase:
-estrogen release peaks
-some follicles undergo atresia, dominant follicle persists and granulosa cells now begin to also release progesterone and inhibin
-estrogen flips to positive feedback on hypothalamus
-LH surges to greater degree than FSH (inhibin)
-readies endometrium of uterus for implantation

A

follicular

80
Q

High level of ___ drives ovulation

A

LH

81
Q

________ follicle secretes prostaglandins and proteolytic enzymes

A

Mature

82
Q

__________ enzymes breakdown collagen and connective tissue holding follicle together

A

Proteolytic

83
Q

________ may contribute to rupture of follicle and/or ovary wall

A

prostaglandins

84
Q

Ovulation occurs 16-24 hours after ___ peak

A

LH

85
Q

___ necessary for oocyte maturation

A

LH

86
Q

What phase is this describing?

Low levels of estrogen exert negative feedback to GnRH, FSH, and LH. Estrogen promotes more estrogen secretion by the follicle. AMH prevents more follicles from developing

A

Early to mid-follicular phase

87
Q

What phase is this describing?

Rising levels of estrogen plus increasing progesterone cause the LH surge. FSH is suppressed by inhibin

A

Late follicular phase and ovulation

88
Q

What phase is this describing?

Combined estrogen and progesterone shut off FSH and LH

A

Early to mid-luteal phase

89
Q

What phase is this describing?

Estrogen and progesterone fall when corpus luteum dies. Gonadotropins start follicular development for a new cycle

A

Late luteal phase

90
Q

In the Early to mid-______ phase:
- Thecal and granular cells transform into luteal cells (LH)
-lipid droplets and glycogen granules accumulate in cytoplasm, begins to secrete progesterone
-estrogen and progesterone levels steadily rise and provide negative feedback
-progesterone continues to influence endometrium
-cervical plug preventing bacteria and sperm

A

luteal

91
Q

In the late ______ phase:
-Corpus luteum has life span of ~12 days
-if pregnancy does not occur, spontaneous apoptosis, to become corpus albicans
-progesterone and estrogen fall, FSH and LH increases
-when it decreases, vessels in surface contract causing surface cells to die
-about 14 days after ovulation, 2 days after corpus luteum ceases function menstruation begins
-40ml blood, 35 ml of serous fluid and cell debris

A

luteal

92
Q

Breast development and the pattern of fat distribution to hips and upper thighs is influenced by _______

A

estrogen

93
Q

Pubic and armpit hair, and libido are influenced by ________

A

androgens

BMSC 208 (11 decks)

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