Reproductive justice for queer folk Flashcards
(27 cards)
Leibetseder & Griffin: What are ARTs?
Assisted reproductive technologies
Leibetseder & Griffin: What is “ontological surgery”?
Process by which states classify and sort people (new entities - queer and trans people who want to become parents) into ethically manageable categories of parenthood, defining who can access ART and count as a parent -> keeping at bay new constellations of social life
Leibetseder & Griffin: How does “ontological ordering” relate to ART regulations?
It reflects how ART policies create hierarchies of who is deemed an ethically legitimate parent, prioritizing some family forms over others. Is created by ontological surgery
Leibetseder & Griffin: Why do queer and trans people face extra layers of ontological surgery?
Because regulations often impose additional criteria for non-cisnormative families, while cis straight people mainly face restrictions like age limits
Leibetseder & Griffin: Why is Engeli and Rothmayr Allison’s model insufficient?
It focuses mostly on heterosexual and same-sex cis couples, excluding key factors like marriage access (crucial for ART access), parental registration, and ART access for queer and trans people
Leibetseder & Griffin: How do they change Engeli and Rothmayr Allison’s model?
Change question one to: What kinds of ART procedures are allowed for what kinds of queer and trans people?
Keep the other two questions, namely: What kind of parental model(s) are promoted? and Should the state finance ART treatment?
Leibetseder & Griffin: What is Estonia’s approach to ART and queer/trans parenthood?
Restrictive: Limited partnership recognition, ART mostly for singles, surrogacy highly restricted
Leibetseder & Griffin: What is Austria’s approach to ART and queer/trans parenthood?
Intermediate: same-sex marriage since 2019, ART allowed for partnered lesbian couples with partial state funding, surrogacy banned
Leibetseder & Griffin: What is the UK’s approach to ART and queer/trans parenthood?
Relatively permissive, marriage equality, altruistic surrogacy allowed, but heteronormative legal parenthood definitions still dominate as no options for two mothers on birth certificate (mother, female parent) and gay couples must apply for a parental order following surrogacy to both be legal parents
Leibetseder & Griffin: What solution do the authors suggest for ART parenthood documentation?
A dual certificate system: one for legal parenthood and another for documenting genetic/gestational contributors to better reflect diverse family forms
Chen: What is queer reproductive justice?
An expanded reproductive justice framework that includes LGBTQ+ individuals and that considers their legal, social, cultural, and economic barriers to reproduction
Should serve all people who struggle, such as woman of color, surrogates from lower socio-economic backgrounds, those excluded because of queer identity
Chen: What does it mean to “queer” reproductive justice?
To critique heteronormativity, challenge who is included/excluded in reproductive justice, and add intersectionality across sex, gender, class, race, and global inequalities - taking into account queer legislation etc.
Chen: What is stratified reproduction?
Unequal access to reproduction depending on race, class, gender, sexuality, and nationality -> some groups are privileged while others are excluded
Chen: How do Taiwanese men achieve reproduction?
While same-sex marriage is legalized (although not in the civil code), ARTs and surrogacy is inaccesible, forcing (only those privileged enough) them to seek transnational surrogacy abroad -> reproductive injustice
Chen: What ethical issues surround transnational surrogacy?
Exploitation of surrogates, class privilege of intended parents, unequal access across countries
Chen: Taiwanese gay men’s reproductive faces reproductive injustice because of
Legal restrictions on reproduction, socio-economic class inequality, and a lack of social acceptance
Chen: What does reproductive travel include, and how are Taiwanese gay men situated?
Reproductive tourism (high-social-class Westerners seeking ARTs and surrogacy in Third World countries - choice), and reproductive exile (people who are forced to access reproduction overseas)
Taiwanese gay men can be depicted as both reproductive tourism and exile because of ambiguous positions - privileged, but exiled
Tam: What is her main argument regarding access to ARTs?
While ARTs has helped LGBTQ2S+ people recently to become parents, access to ART continues to be uneven across intersecting categories of race, gender, sexuality, and class
Tam: What is the reproductive justice framework?
Combines reproductive rights and social justice -> centering how intersecting oppression (gender, race, class, sexuality, disability) shape reproductive access and challenging white supremacist structures that seek to control populations through regulation of bodies, sexuality, labor and reproduction
Tam: How are ARTs connected to reproductive violence? (4)
- History of ARTs used in eugenics
- Historical and current coerced sterilizations used as mass birth control for Black, Indigenous, and people of color + LGBTQ2SIA+ people
- Global commercialization of pregnancy and exploitation of poor people with wombs
- Material economic inaccess to ART
Tam: What is reproductive violence?
Historical and ongoing violations of reproductive anatomy - incl. eugenics, forced sterilization, control of reproduction through ART access control
Tam: Whose reproduction is centered in access to ARTs?
The majority of ART is privatized with access highly stratified
ART initially designed to provide infertile/low fertility heterosexual married coumples with options to conceive children, which is still centering in ART today
Tam: Under the Ontario Fertility Program, who is eligible for IVF?
People under 43 with a uterus and valid Ontario Health Insurance Plan
Tam: What are some documented disparities in access to ART?
Racial/ethnic and class-based
