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Structure And Function Of Living Organisms > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the reproductive system

A
  1. Not essential to the life of the individual – ensures species survival
  2. Produces haploid gametes (gametogenesis)
  3. Store, nourish and transport haploid gametes for fertilisation (internal or external: oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous)
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2
Q

What are the sex chromosomes that determine the gonadal sex in mammals and birds

A

XY/ZZ for testes and XX/ZW for ovaries

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3
Q

What does androgen release in utero do

A

causes masculinization of genitalia in mammals

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4
Q

What does oestrogen release in ovo cause

A

feminization of genitalia in birds

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5
Q

What covers the female reproductive organs

A

the peritoneum

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6
Q

Where is the internal female reproductive organs located

A

shares the pelvic cavity with the bladder and rectum

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7
Q

Which hormones are produced in the ovaries

A

oestrogen and progesterone

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8
Q

Eggs in the ovaries

A

there is a total number in birth (arrested in meiotic phase) which decreases during life. Eggs mature within the ovaries

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9
Q

Follicle development - stage 1

A

Primordial follicles

Primary oocyte, enclosed by single layer flattened follicular/granulosa cells and basal lamina

At puberty primordial follicles are stimulated -> primary follicles

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10
Q

Follicle development - stage 2

A

Primary follicle (uni-layered). Oocyte enlarges and follicular/granulosa cells increase in size = cuboidal. Oocyte produces zona pellucida: glycoproteins, important in binding of spermatozoa. Primary follicle (multi-layered). Follicular/granulosa cells increase in number; increase in thickness – stratified. Zona pellucida assembled

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11
Q

Follicle development - stage 3

A

Secondary follicle. Spaces develop containing follicular fluid = coalesce to form a cavity. Production of estrogen by granulosa cells

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12
Q

Follicle development - stage 4

A

Graafian (tertiary) follicle. Antrum. Large fluid filled cavity. Surrounded by corona radiata = ‘glowing crown’ nutrition

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13
Q

Ovulation

A

Proteolytic activity stimulated by gonadotropin (LH). Oocyte expelled into entrance of the uterine tube

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14
Q

What is the corpus luteum

A

the empty follicles that is left once the egg has been released

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15
Q

Corpus luteum function

A

Follicular cells release. Produces progesterone and estrogen

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16
Q

What does corpus luteum mean

A

yellow body

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17
Q

what does corpus albicans mean

A

white body

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18
Q

What is a corpus albicans

A

cells replaced by collagen ‘scar’

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of cells that form the epithelium of the uterine tubes

A
  1. Secretory (peg) - watery secretion for gamete nourishment
  2. Ciliated – cilia beat rate increases in response to estrogen
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20
Q

Name the structures that form the uterine tubes

A

Intramural, isthmus, ampulla and infundibulum

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21
Q

Name the structures that form the uterus

A
  1. fundus - top
  2. body - middle
  3. Bottom - cervix
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22
Q

What is the endometrium

A

the epithelial layer. Menstrual cycle; zygote embeds itself

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23
Q

What is the myometrium

A

interwoven smooth muscle/CT - hormonal response = hypertrophy/hyperplasia

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24
Q

What is the prevalence of uterine fybroids (leiomyoma)

A

prevalence 75% of people > 30 years

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25
Q

Parts of the female external reproductive organs

A

glans and crus clitoris, vestibule, mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, vaginal opening, urethral opening, corpus cavernosum

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26
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland secrete for the female reproductive system

A

LH and FSH

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27
Q

What forms of estrogen are there

A

estradiol, estrone, estriol

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28
Q

What is oogenesis

A

production or development of an ovum

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29
Q

Estrogen functions

A
  1. Essential for ova maturation and release
  2. Establishment of female secondary sexual characteristics
  3. Essential for transport of sperm from vagina to fertilisation site
  4. Continue to breast development in anticipation of lactation
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30
Q

Progesterone functions

A
  1. Regulates the development of the endometrium
  2. Important in preparing suitable environment for nourishing a developing embryo/fetus
  3. Contributes to breasts’ ability to produce milk
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31
Q

What does a follicle need to grow through ovulation

A

LH and FSH

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32
Q

How many follicles grow during each cycle

A

Each cycle 15-20 follicles develop but only one continues to ovulation – the rest die

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33
Q

At birth how many primordial follicles are present in ovary

A

1-2 million

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34
Q

What starts just prior to puberty

A

GnRH pulse generations begin

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35
Q

What do developing follicles release

A

oestrogens

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36
Q

What does the estrogen that the follicle release trigger

A

Development of female secondary characteristics (eg fat deposition, growth of reproductive tract)

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37
Q

What does a rise in adrenal androgens cause

A

Growth of auxillary hair, libido and pubertal growth spurt

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38
Q

When does a females first period occur

A

When sufficient GnRH, LH and FSH are present

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39
Q

What terminates the menstrual cycle

A

menopause

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40
Q

What are the 2 phases of the menstrual cycle

A

follicular phase and luteal phase

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41
Q

Follicular phase

A

First half of the 28-day cycle. Dominated by presence of maturing follicles. Follicle produces oestrogens

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42
Q

Luteal phase

A

Second half of the 28-day cycle. Characterised by presence of corpus luteum. Corpus luteum produces progesterone (& oestrogen)

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43
Q

What does the hypothalamus to secrete in order to stimulate LH and FSH secretion

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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44
Q

FSH and LH levels at the beginning of the cycle

A

rise due to GnRH release

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45
Q

What does the rising FSH and LH stimulate

A

oestrogen release from the developing follicle

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46
Q

What does rising oestrogen levels inhibit

A

FSH but not LH

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47
Q

What can also inhibit FSH

A

inhibin

48
Q

oestrogen showing positive feedback

A

stimulates positive feedback on the follicle causing further oestrogen release; oestrogen levels significantly rise (autocrine signalling)

49
Q

What happens on day 14

A

LH surge : High oestrogen levels stimulate the anterior pituitary to produce large amounts of LH. Positive feedback. Ovulation occurs due to LH surge

50
Q

What is ovulation

A

when a released oocyte enters oviduct where it may or may not be fertilized

51
Q

What is the luteal phase

A

when the corpus luteum produces progesterone

52
Q

What does progesterone inhibit

A

LH and FSH release from the anterior pituitary

53
Q

When does the corpus luteum degenerate

A

after 10 days

54
Q

Which hormones drop after the corpus luteum degenerates

A

progesterone and oestrogen levels significantly drop causeing FSH and LH levels to rise and a new cycle to begin

55
Q

Corpus luteum function

A
  1. Oestrogens responsible for endometrium thickening
  2. Progesterone responsible for endometrium development and maintenance
  3. Progesterone inhibits LH and FSH secretion
56
Q

endometrium development - menstrual phase (day 1-4)

A

Endometrium lining of the uterus is disintegrating

Bleeding occurs from ruptured blood vessels in endometrium

Blood and disintegrating outer layers of endometrium expelled as menstrual fluid

57
Q

Endometrium development - proliferative phase (6-14)

A

Oestrogen secreted by developing follicle leads to growth and thickening of the endometrium

Uterine glands develop in endometrium but do not produce anything yet

58
Q

Endometrium development - secretory phase (day 16-28)

A

Corpus luteum formed (from day 14) secretes progesterone and oestradiol

Progesterone stimulates the uterine glands to secrete “uterine milk”, which is high in protein and glycogen

Provides correct environment should ovum fertilisation occur

59
Q

Endometrium development - new phase

A

If fertilisation does not occur, CL regresses and progesterone and oestrogen not produced

Endometrium cannot be maintained and necrosis occurs

Expelled with blood as menstrual fluid

Menstruation usually lasts 3-5 days (20-200ml blood lost)

60
Q

Fertilization

A

Sperm deposited in vagina travel through cervical canal, uterus and up to the upper third of the oviduct.

61
Q

where is the site of fertilizsation

A

the oviduct (upper third)

62
Q

when must fertilization occur

A

within 24-36 hours of ovulation

63
Q

how long can sperm survive in a female reproductive tract

A

2-7 days

64
Q

When does the fertilized ovun reach the uterus

A

3-4 days

65
Q

Why does it take this long for the fertilised egg to reach the ovum

A

Gives time for the endometrium to develop into a suitable state for implantation of developing blastocyst

66
Q

What is produced at day 9 of implantation

A

By day 9, the blastocyst/developing placenta produces human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) at high levels for 8 weeks, before decreasing from regressing hCG prevents corpus luteum

67
Q

What happens when the egg is not fertilized

A

the corpus luteum stops secreting progesterone and decays. Degenerates into a corpus albicans. Uterine lining sloughs off without progesterone and is expelled

68
Q

What happens when the egg is fertilized

A

the corpus luteum stops secreting progesterone and decays. Degenerates into a corpus albicans. Uterine lining sloughs off without progesterone and is expelled

69
Q

What does HCG prevent

A

the corpus luteum from degenerating into a corpus albicans

70
Q

How are high risk pregnancies monitored

A

Beta-hCG levels monitored. Titers of hCG that do not rise rapidly in early pregnancy may signal lack of growth or possible miscarriage.

71
Q

Why are pregnancy tests after 16 weeks negative

A

HCG levels are low

72
Q

What contracts during childbirth

A

the myometrium - strong contraction

73
Q

Estrogen : progesterone ratio stimulating contractions

A

High oestrogen:progesterone ratio that occurs towards the end of pregnancy upregulates oxytocin receptors in myometrium so circulating oxytocin can bind

74
Q

Oxytocin stimulating contractions during childbirth

A

Pressure of foetus against the cervix stimulates oxytocin secretion and causes contractions. Contractions leads to more oxytocin production. Positive-feedback cycle progressively increases until cervical dilation and delivery are complete

75
Q

Lactation - during gestation

A

Elevated placental oestrogen and progesterone promote development of ducts and alveoli in mammary glands

76
Q

Lactation - prolactin

A

Stimulates synthesis of enzymes essential for milk production by alveolar epithelial cells. Withdrawal of placental steroids at birth initiates lactation

77
Q

Lactation - sustained by suckling

A

Triggers release of oxytocin and prolactin. Oxytocin causes milk ejection. Prolactin stimulates synthesis of more milk to replace milk ejected

78
Q

Oxytocin function

A

exual activity, penile erection, ejaculation, pregnancy, uterine contraction, milk ejection, maternal behavior, social bonding, stress

79
Q

What do testes produce

A

sperm and male hormones (androgens, e.g., testosterone)

80
Q

Location of testes in utero

A

descend from the abdominal cavity via the inguinal canal and enter the scrotum.

81
Q

What is the capsule that surrounds the testis

A

tunica vaginalis

82
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis split into

A

parietal layer and visceral layer

83
Q

Location of the tunica albuginea and what does it form

A

encapsulates the testes and forms projections that project into the testes (septa)

84
Q

What is the space in-between the septa called

A

lobules

85
Q

Where are the seminiferous tubules

A

a coiled tubular structure within each lobule

86
Q

Location of the straight tubule

A

at the end of the seminiferous tubules

87
Q

What forms the rete testis

A

when the straight tubules join together at the end

88
Q

Location of the efferent ductules

A

come off the rete testis and connect to epididymis

89
Q

What happens to sperm cells once they have been secreted

A

secereted from lining of the seminiferous tubules, travel via duct system and then stored in epididymis

90
Q

Structure of epididymis

A

has a head, body and tail

91
Q

Vas (ductus) deferens location

A

connects t6o the end of the epididymis. Is carried through the spermatic cord which travels in the inguinal canal. It comes up and over the bladder, then passes posteriorly and medially behind it

92
Q

Vas deferens function

A

carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts

93
Q

Seminal vesicle location

A

lie either side of the ductus deferens and terminates at prostate gland

94
Q

seminal vesicles function

A

produces seminal fluid (proteins, amino acids etc)

95
Q

How is the prostate felt

A

through anterior wall of rectum

96
Q

Glands present in male reproductive system

A

2 seminal vesicle glands, prostate glands and 2 bulbourethral glands

97
Q

4 parts of the urethra

A

preprostatic prostate (above the prostate), prostatic urethra, membranous and spongy

98
Q

Function of internal urethra sphincter

A

prevents back flow of semen into bladder

99
Q

What is the urethral crest

A

a fold of mucosa in the prostatic urethra which forms a crest

100
Q

Urethral sinus location

A

either side of the urethral crest

101
Q

urethral sinus function

A

where prostatic ducts drain into

102
Q

What does the urethral crest form

A

a circular enlargement which is called the seminal colliculus

103
Q

Names of the openings in the seminal colliculus

A

3 openings: Middle opening is called prostatic utricle, either side is for the opening of the ejaculatory duct

104
Q

What do the blood vessels from the anterior pituitary conncet

A

the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and the rest if the body

105
Q

What does the hypothalamus secrete for the male reproductive system

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

106
Q

Where does GnRH travel to and activate

A

the anterior pituitary (via portal blood) to release LH and FSH which travels to the male testes

107
Q

What surround the seminiferous tubules

A

interstitial space (capillaries/blood vessels found)

108
Q

Where does LH and FSH enter the male reproductive system

A

interstitial space

109
Q

What cells are found in the interstitial space

A

Leydig cells (interstitial cells)

110
Q

What cells are found in the seminiferous tubules

A

sertoli cells and spermatogonia ((male germ cell – becomes sperm)

111
Q

What does LH target in the male reproductive system

A

targets leydig cells to secrete tesosterone

112
Q

What cells does testosterone target and what are its effects

A

nurse cells and has peripheral effects (e.g., maintain labido, stimulates bone/muscle growth, maintenance of secondary characteristics, maintenance of accessory glands and organs of the male reproductive system.

113
Q

What happens when testosterone levels are too high

A

negative feedback - anterior pituitary inhibits LH release

114
Q

FSH target and function in male reproductive system

A

targets the sertoli cells, stimulating ABP (androgen binding protein) release

115
Q

What does ABP release require

A

FSH and testosterone

116
Q

What does ABP stimulate

A

the synthesis of sperm (spermatogenesis/ spermiogenesis) which ends up in the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. ABP binds to testosterone within the seminiferous tubule, which in turn stimulates sperm production

117
Q

What else do sertoli cells secrete

A

inhibin - negative feedback as it decreases pituitary production of FSH, in order to regulate sperm production.

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