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Structure And Function Of Living Organisms > Skeletal systems > Flashcards

Skeletal systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is crucial for support and why

A

Hollow tubes - structurally stronger (less likely to bend)

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2
Q

At what levels is support in plants provided

A

cellular level, tissue level and gross level

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3
Q

What provides cellular support

A

Turgor pressure - when water enters the vacuole enlarges and pushes against the cell wall providing stability. When water is lost cell becomes plasmolysed

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4
Q

What are the 2 systems in plants

A

Shoot and root system

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5
Q

The role of the pith in the shoot system

A

contain parenchyma. Thin cell walls. Increasing volume of the vacuole increases size and presses on surrounding cell

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6
Q

The role of the cortex in the shoot system

A

contain collenchyma. Primary wall with some thickening (corners). Flexible allows bending

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7
Q

How do the pith and cortex work together

A

The parenchyma (that is filled with fluid) press on collenchyma providing support

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8
Q

What is the vascular bundles
(shoot system)

A

xylem and phloem. Xylem are hollow tubes, lined longitudinally. Undergo apoptosis - cell wall for water transport

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9
Q

What is the vascular bundle surrounded by (shoot system)

A

Sclerenchyma - has a thick secondary cell wall. Provides rigidity and elasticity (returns to original shape after deformation)

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10
Q

What does the arrangement of vascular bundles effect

A

limits the size of the plant. Monocotyledonous have a random arrangement, dicotyledonous are in a ring

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11
Q

Function of the primary (tap) root
(root system)

A

Primary anchorage and stability

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12
Q

Function of lateral roots (root system)

A

Primarily absorb water and dissolved minerals

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13
Q

What is a monocotyledonous plant

A

Contains only one embryonic leaf

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14
Q

What is a dicotyledonous plant

A

Has a pair of cotyledons in the embryo of the seed

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15
Q

Describe the hydrostatic skeleton

A

Capsule of fluid surrounded by 2 layers of muscle (circular and longitudinal). Fluid filled cavity acts as a rigid column on which muscles act

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16
Q

What do circular and longitudinal muscle contract in hydrostatic skeleton

A

Circular - elongate and narrow the body. Longitudinal - Shorten and thicken the body

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17
Q

Segmental contraction in hydrostatic skeletons

A

Segmental contraction of muscle and anchorage by bristles drives the body forwards - burrowing

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18
Q

Describe the exoskeleton

A

Hard outer surface (protection of soft tissue - armour). Made from chitin which is strong and light, mineralisation (hard/protective), thin and flexible joints

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19
Q

What does the exoskeleton provide in arthropods

A

Strength and mobility (from jointed muscles) as well as a site for muscle attachment to help movement

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20
Q

What is the limitations of the exoskeleton

A

Can be crush (size limiting), does not grow in line with the body (needs to be shed) so are potentially vulnerable until it hardens

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21
Q

What does the endoskeleton provide

A

Rigid system for muscle contraction and protection of vital organs

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22
Q

Describe a cartilaginous endoskeleton

A

Cartilage must be thin to allow diffusion of oxygen into the tissue. Is light, efficient and flexible

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23
Q

Describe a bony endoskeleton

A

Can support weight of large animals, rigid support against gravity, develop from a cartilaginous skeleton, leavers which can be moved by muscles, dynamic (respond to physiological loading)

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24
Q

Describe bones

A

The bones are not solid. Central (medullary) cavity, reduces sugar and increases strength (resist compression and tension - hollow tube). Living cells in mineralised ECM, arranged in columns around an artery (hollow tubes) = osteon

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25
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system

A

Provides support, determines the shape of the body, function as levers by acting with muscle to facilitate joint movement, protection of vital organs, contains red bone marrow
(blood cell formation), mineral store for calcium and phosphates

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26
Q

Types of bone

A

long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid

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27
Q

Long bones

A

Limbs/levers, transmit longitudinal forces

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28
Q

Short bones

A

Support and stability - limited movement

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29
Q

Flat bones

A

Protective, muscle attachments

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30
Q

Irregular bone

A

Not classified into any other category (vertebra)

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31
Q

Sesamoid bone

A

Develops within tendons

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32
Q

Anatomy of a long bone

A

Top - epiphysis
Middle - diaphysis (shaft)
Bottom - metaphysis

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33
Q

What connective tissue does a long bone have

A

Vascular and fibrous. cellular

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34
Q

What is in the middle oft long bones

A

Medullary cavity. Contains yellow marrow (adipose tissue)

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35
Q

What is the outer layer of the long bone

A

Periosteum

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36
Q

What is the layer that coats the medullary cavity called

A

Endosteum

37
Q

Trabecular bone (spongy and compact bone)

A

String but minimises weight, thickness varies. Trabeculae aligned along lines of principle stress (e.g., femur stress goes downwards)

38
Q

What is Wolff’s law

A

The bones ability to adapt to that stress

39
Q

What do living cells in bones do

A

Maintain extracellular matrix

40
Q

What are osteoblasts

A

Immature bone cells, on bone surface (periosteum and endosteum), secrete organic bone matrix = osteoid to bone

41
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

Secretes acids and enzymes that remove bone. Multi nuclear cells derived from monocytes. In the endosteum

42
Q

What are osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells, stellate, sense loading (communicate)

43
Q

What is the difference between osteoporosis and ostepetrosis

A

Osteoporosis - bone is weak. Ostepetrosis - excess bone formation

44
Q

Bone matrix - inorganic component

A

67%. Provides ridgity, Ca10PO4(OH)2 (Hydroxyapatite)

45
Q

Bone matrix - organic component

A

33%. 90% collagen, 10% other proteins. Provides flexibility

46
Q

Axial skeleton function

A

Midline protection and muscle attachment

47
Q

Axial skeleton - skull

A

Contains and protects the brain, organs of special sense, and upper respiratory and alimentary tracts

48
Q

Axial skeleton - vertebral column

A

Provides flexible support for head and appendicular skeleton, contains and protects the spinal cord

49
Q

Axial skeleton - bones in vertebral colum

A

4 curvatures, 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacral and coccyx

50
Q

Axial skeleton - thoracic skeleton

A

Attached to thoracic vertebrae. Ribs - 12 pairs (7 true, 5 false, 2 floating)

51
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Movement/locomotion. Similar pattern; evolutionary development

52
Q

Appendicular skeleton - upper limb

A

Dexterity

53
Q

Appendicular skeleton - lower limb

A

support and movement

54
Q

Features of fibrous joints

A

No/limited movement. Dense fibrous connective tissue connecting bone

55
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Primary - joined by hyaline cartilage. Secondary - bones joined by fibrocartilage

56
Q

Synovial joint

A

Ends of bones covered with articulate fluid, contains synovial fluid secreted by synovial membrane. Enclosed in an elastic joint capsule and is freely moveable

57
Q

Shapes of a synovial joint

A

Gliding, pivot, hinge, ball and socket, ellipsoid, saddle

58
Q

Skeletal muscle features

A

striated, voluntary

59
Q

cardiac muscle features

A

striated, involuntary

60
Q

Smooth muscle features

A

non-striated, involuntary

61
Q

3 functions of muscle

A

movement of the body and its parts, posture, heat production

62
Q

Basic muscle structure

A

Has a fleshy muscle belly and a tendon on both ends

63
Q

How do muscles generate movement

A

Runs from one bone to another across a joint to generate movement. During contraction the muscle will move one bone relative to another

64
Q

Stationary end of the muscle

A

origin. Usually proximal

65
Q

More moveable end of the muscle

A

insertion - usually distal

66
Q

1st class muscle contartion

A

Axis (joint) in the middle. Resistance and force at opposite ends

67
Q

2nd class muscle contraction

A

Axis at the end, resistance in the middle

68
Q

3rd class muscle contraction

A

Resistance at the end, force on the middle

69
Q

What are muscles made from

A

Contractile cells and connective tissue. Located in the ‘fleshy’ muscle belly, they are the functional unit. Long multinucleate cells = muscle fibre which contains myofibrils made up of actin and myosin filaments

70
Q

Parallel muscle fibre organisation

A

Weak contraction, large range of movement

71
Q

Unipennate muscle fibre organisation

A

Stronger contraction, shorter range of movement

72
Q

Bipennate muscle fibre organisation

A

Very strong contraction, short range of movement

73
Q

Multipennate muscle fibre organisation

A

Strongest contraction, shortest range of movement

74
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A

Surrounded by bundles of contractile cells. At one or both ends of fibrous structure connect the muscle to bone (tendons). Gliding if fascicles. Passage of BV and nerves

75
Q

What is an aponeuroses

A

A broad flat tendon

76
Q

What is the function of a tendon

A

To transfer the force of muscle pull to bone to facilitate joint movement

77
Q

Tendon structure

A

High tensile strength, mostly made out of type 1 collagen, 2 specialised regions for attachment to musculoskeletal system (myotendinous junction and osteotendonous juntion or enthesis)

78
Q

Isotonic muscle contraction

A

Constant tension. Change in length of the muscle. 2 types - concentric and eccentric

79
Q

Concentric muscle contraction

A

muscle gets shorter when it contracts

80
Q

Eccentric muscle contraction

A

Muscle lengthens (‘paying out’ controls movement)

81
Q

Isometric muscle contraction

A

Constant length. Muscle contract but stays the same length

82
Q

Muscle that generates basic movement

A

Agonist/prime mover

83
Q

Muscle that oppose movement/initiate and maintain the opposite movement

A

antagonist

84
Q

Muscle that helps the prime mover

A

synergist

85
Q

Muscle that stabilises the bone to allow movement to take place

A

Fixer

86
Q

What are the structures associated with osteocytes (learn diagram)

A

Matrix, lacuna, canaliculi, cell process

87
Q

What are the structures associated with osteoblasts (learn diagram)

A

outer fibrous layer, inner osteogenic layer, osteoid, bone, osteoblast

88
Q

What are the structures associated with osteoclasts (learn diagram)

A

Endosteum, Howhsip’s lacuna

Structure And Function Of Living Organisms (10 decks)

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