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1
Q

NASAL CARTILAGES in external nose

A

.Lateral process of septal nasal cartilage
• Major alar cartilage
• Minor alar cartilages
• Accessory nasal cartilages

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2
Q

Skeletal framework of external nose

A

Nasal bone
Frontal bone, nasal part
Maxilla, frontal process

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3
Q

Piriform aperture (nasal opening) borders

A
  • Superiorly inferior margin of nasal bone,
  • Laterally nasal notch of maxilla,
  • Mid anterior nasal spine
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4
Q

Arteries of External Nose

A 
• Facial artery
– Lateral nasal artery
– Septal nasal branch of superior labial artery
• Ophthalmic artery
– (dorsal nasal artery)
• Maxillary artery
– (infraorbital artery)
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5
Q

Veins of External Nose

A

• Drains into facial vein and ophthalmic vein

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6
Q

Sensory innervation of external nose

A
  • Infratrochlear nerve – nasociliary nerve,
  • External nasal nerve– anterior ethmoidal nerve
  • Infraorbital nerve– branch of maxillary nerve
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7
Q

Motor innervation of facial expression muscles

A

Facial nerve

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8
Q

The anterior apertures of the nasal cavities are the…, which open onto …

A

nares

the inferior surface of the nose

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9
Q

The posterior apertures of nasal cavity are the …., which open into …

A

choanae

the nasopharynx

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10
Q

Borders of choanae

A

•Laterally, by the medial medial plate of pterygoid process
•Superiorly, by the body of sphenoid bone
.Medially vomer,
.Inferiorly, by the posterior margin of horizontal plate of palatine bone

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11
Q

NASAL CAVITY borders roof

A
  • Nasal bone,
  • Frontal bone,
  • Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
  • Body of sphenoid bone
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12
Q

NASAL CAVITY floor

A

palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone
• Bony palate, hard palate

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13
Q

Medial wall “Nasal septum” of nasal cavity

A
  • Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
  • Vomer
  • Septal nasal cartilage
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14
Q

Lateral wall of nasal cavity

A
  • Frontal process of maxilla
  • Lacrimal bone
  • Superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae
  • Perpendicular plate of palatine bone
  • Medial plate of pterygoid process
  • Superior nasal meatus,
  • Middle nasal meatus
  • Inferior nasal meatus (nasolacrimal duct)
  • Sphenoethmoid recess
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15
Q

Arteries of nasal cavity

A
  • Anterior ethmoidal artery and posterior ethmoidal artery (branch of ophthalmic artery)
  • Sphenopalatine artery (branch of maxillary artery)
  • Greater palatine artery (branch of maxillary artery)
  • Nasal septal branch (branch of superior labial artery)
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16
Q

What artery supply the roof of nasal cavity

A

Anterior ethmoidal artery and posterior ethmoidal artery

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17
Q

What does Sphenopalatine artery supply

A

conchae, meatus and nasal septum

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18
Q

What does Greater palatine artery supply

A

anterior regions of medial wall and adjacent floor of nasal cavity

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19
Q

What does Nasal septal branch purpose

A

anastomoses with sphenopalatine artery in nasal vestibule and supply nasal septum

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20
Q

Innervation of nasal cavity (nerves)

A

• Anterior ethmoidal nerve (branch of nasociliary nerve)
• Infraorbital nerve (maxillary nerve), anterior superior alveolar nerve, nasopalatine nerve and greater palatine nerve
.olfactory nerve

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21
Q

Secretomotor innervation of mucous glands in the nasal cavities is by

A

postganglionic parasympathic fibers emerge from pterygopalatine ganglion

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22
Q

Vasomotor sympathetic fibers also take place around the arteries that

A

supply the nasal cavity

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23
Q

Olfactory nerve is composed of

A

axons from receptors in the olfactory epithelium at the top of each nasal cavity. Bundles of these axons pass superiorly through
perforations in the cribriform plate to synapse with neurons in the olfactory bulb of the brain

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24
Q

4 PARANASAL SINUSES

A

ethmoidal ,sphenoidal, maxillary, and frontal sinuses.

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25
Contents of infratemporal fossa
```  Lateral and medial pterygoid muscles  Mandibular nerve and its branches  Maxillar artery and its branches  Maxillary veins  Pterygoid venous plexus  Otic ganglion  Inferior part of temporal muscle ```
26
Contents of Pterygopalatine Fossa
* Pterygopalatine branches of maxillary artery * Maxillary nerve and branches * Pterygopalatine ganglion
27
The first part of the maxillary artery (Mandibular part) branches
``` middle meningeal inferior alveolar arteries deep auricular anterior tympanic accessory meningeal ```
28
The second part of the maxillary artery (Pterygoid part) branches
deep temporal Posterior temporal masseteric, buccal, | pterygoid branches
29
The third part of the maxillary artery (Pterygopalatine part)
Artery of pterygoid canal Pharyngeal artery Sphenopalatine artery Infraorbital artery Posterior superior alveolar a. Descending palatine artery
30
Connections of Pterygopalatine Fossa via pterygo maxillary fissure to
Infra temporal fossa
31
Connections of Pterygopalatine Fossa via sphenopalatine foramen to
Nasal cavity
32
Connections of pterygopalatine fossa via interior orbital fissure to
Orbit
33
Connections of pterygopalatine fossa via pterygopalatine canal
Oral cavity
34
Layers (sheaths) of cervical fascia:
 Investing (superficial) layer  Pretracheal layer  Prevertebral layer  Carotid sheath
35
Sternocleidomastoid muscle origin
Sternal head: Upper part of anterior surface of manubrium of sternum Clavicular head : superior surface of medial one-third of clavicle
36
Sternocleidomastoid muscle insertion
Lateral surface of mastoid process, | Lateral half of superior nuchal line
37
Innervation of sternocelidomastoid muscle
Accesory nerve and branches from anterior rami of C2 to C3
38
What muscle is responsible for tilting head towards shoulder on same side rotating head turn face to opposite side
Sternocleidomastoid
39
SUPRAHYOİD Muscles
* digastric * mylohyoid * stylohyoid * geniohyoid
40
INFRAHYOİD muscles
sternohyoid sternothyroid thyrohyoid omohyoid
41
Innervation of suprahyoid muscles | Digastric, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, geniyhyoid
Digastric: mylohiod n from inf alveolar branch of mandibular nerve (v3) mylohyoid: mylohiod n from inf alveolar branch of mandibular nerve (v3) stylohyoid: facial nerve 3 geniyhyoid: branch from ant ramus of c1 carried along hypoglossal n (13)
42
Innervations of infrahyoid muscles sternohyoid sternothyroid thyrohyoid omohyoid
sternohyoid: ant rami of C1 to C3 through ansa cervalis sternothyroid: ant rami of C1 to C3 through ansa cervalis thyrohyoid: fibers from ant ramus of C1 carried along hypoglossal nerve Omohyoid: ant rami of C1 to C3 through ansa cervalis sternothyroid: ant rami of C1 to C3 through ansa cervalis
43
TRIANGLES OF THE NECK
Posterior triangle | Anterior triangle
44
The posterior triangle is bounded by:
* the middle one-third of the clavicle, * the anterior margin of the trapezius , and * the posterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid.
45
Posterior triangle is separated into 2 triangles ?.. split by ...
1. Supraclavicular triangle 2. Occipital triangle Inf belly Omohyoid muscle
46
Contents of root of neck
* Subclavian artery and vein and branches * Cervical plexus * Sympathetic trunk * Prevertebral and lateral vertebral muscles (scalenus mm), * Cervical part of esophagus * Cervical part of trachea * Thyroid gland, * Parathyroid gland, * Carotid sheath, * Deep cervical nodes, * Thoracic duct, * Anterior jugular vein
47
LATERAL VERTEBRAL MUSCLES
* scalenus anterior m * scalenus medius m * scalenus posterior m
48
CERVICAL PLEXUS (branches)
 Superficial,  Deep  Communicating branches
49
Superficial branches:
* Lesser occipital nerve (C2) * Great auricular nerve (C2, C3) * Transvers cervical nerve (C2, C3) * Supraclavicular nerves (medial- intermedial- lateral) (C3, C4)
50
Deep branches of cervical plexus (motor fibers)
* longus capitis (C1, C2, C3) * longus colli (C2, C3, C4) * rectus capitis anterior (C1, C2) * rectus capitis lateralis (C1) * levator scapulae (C3, C4) * scalenus medius (C3, C4) * sternocleidomastoideus (C2, C3, C4)) * trapezius (C2, C3, C4) * inferior root of ansa cervicalis * Phrenic nerve
51
Communicating branches
 Hypoglossal nerve,  Vagal nerve, |  Sympathetic trunk  Accessory nerve
52
* Dorsal ramus of C1: | * Dorsal ramus of C2:
Suboccipital nerve (larger than the ventral ramus) Medial branch : Greater occipital nerve Lateral branch
53
BRANCHES OF SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY 1.part
1. part: • Vertebral a • Internal thoracic a: • Thyrocervical trunk:
54
Thyrocervical trunk:
– Inferior thyroid a – Superficialis cervical a – Suprascapulara – Transvers cervical artery
55
BRANCHES OF SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY 2 part
• Costocervical trunk
56
• Costocervical trunk consists of
 Deep cervical a  Supreme intercostal a – 1st posterior intercostal a – 2nd posterior intercostal a
57
3. part: BRANCHES OF SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
Dorsal scapular a
58
Subarachnoid sapace in scalp is filled with
CSF
59
Arteries of scalf superior view
``` Supratrochlear Supra orbital Superficial temporal Post auricular Occipital art ```
60
Veins of the SCALP
Same as artery
61
Sensory innervation of the SCALP i
``` Supratrochlear nerves Supra orbital nerve Zygomatico temporal n Auriculotemporal n Lesser occipital n ```
62
Sensory innervation of the FACE
• By the trigeminal nerve (V) 1. ophtalmicnerve(V1) 2. maxillary(V2) 3. mandibular(V3)nerve
63
The muscles of the face are innervated by branches of
Facial nerve (7)
64
Facial muscles
1- Orbital group 2- Nasal group 3- Oral group
65
Arteries of the FACE
1- Facial artery 2- Maxillary artery 3- Superficial temporal artery 4- Ophtalmic artery
66
Pharynx is split into
* Nasopharynx * Oropharynx * Laryngopharynx
67
NASOPHARYNX
• Pharyngeal opening of auditory (pharyngotympanic) tube • Torus levatorius (levator veli palatini) • Torus tubarius • Tubal tonsil (Gerlach) • Salpingopharyngeal fold (salpingopharyngeus) • Pharyngeal recess • Vault of pharynx (fornix pharyngis) • Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) • Pharyngeal isthmus
68
OROPHARYNX
``` • isthmus faucium • Palatoglossal arch (palatoglossus muscle) • Palatopharyngeal arch (palatopharyngeus muscle) • PALATINETONSIL ```
69
Arteries of palatine tonsil:
* Tonsillar branch of facial artery * Ascending palatine branch of facial artery * Dorsal lingual branch of lingual artery * Ascending pharyngeal branch of external carotid artery * Greater palatine artery of maxillary artery
70
Veinsof palatine tonsil
* External palatine vein, * lingual vein, * pharyngeal venous plexus, * facial vein
71
MUSCLE LAYER OF PHARYNX
• Constrictor muscles • Longitudinal muscles
72
Laryngeal cartilages (9)
* Thyroid cartilage (unpaired) * Cricoid cartilage (unpaired) * Epiglottis (unpaired) * Arytenoid cartilages (paired) * Cuneiform cartilages (paired) * Corniculate cartilages (paired)
73
Laryngeal joints
* Cricothyroid joints | * Cricoarytenoid joints
74
Extrinsic ligaments
Thyrohyoid membrane (anterior midsagittal; median thyrohyoid ligament posterolateral; lateral thyrohyoid ligament) Hyoepiglottic ligament Cricotracheal ligament
75
Intrinsic ligaments
``` • Thyroepiglottic ligament • Posterior cricoarytenoid ligament • Fibroelastic membrane – Quadrangular membrane – Conus elasticus (cricovocal membrane) ```
76
Cavity of the larynx
Laryngeal inlet Inferior border of cricoid cartilage • Vestibule • Laryngeal ventricle (between vestibular fold – vocal fold) • Infraglottic space
77
• Sensory and motor innervation of the larynx is by:
 Superior laryngeal nerves of CNX |  Recurrent laryngeal nerves of CNX
78
Superior laryngeal nerves originate from
the inferior vagal ganglia high in the neck
79
The external branch of superior laryngeal nerves
descends along the lateral wall of the pharynx to supply and penetrate the inferior constrictor of the pharynx and ends by supplying the cricothyroid muscle
80
The internal branch of superior laryngeal nerves
passes anteroinferiorly to penetrate the thyrohyoid membrane it is mainly sensory and supplies the laryngeal cavity above the level of the vocal fold
81
Recurrent laryngeal nerves Sensory
to the laryngeal cavity below the level of the vocal folds
82
Recurrent laryngeal nerves | Motor
all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid**
83
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve originates in
the thorax
84
The right recurrent laryngeal nerve originates in
the root of the neck
85
Both Right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves | ascend in
in the groove between the esophagus and trachea
86
Both Right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves enter the larynx
deep to the margin of the inferior constrictor
87
ARTERIES of larynx
* Superior laryngeal arteries (external carotid artery) | * Inferior laryngeal arteries (inferior thyroid branch of the thyrocervical trunk of the subclavian artery)
88
VEINS of laryngeal
Superior laryngeal veins → superior thyroid veins → internal jugular veins • Inferior laryngeal veins → inferior thyroid veins → left brachiocephalic vein
89
Lymphatics above the vocal folds:
deep cervical | nodes
90
Lymphatics below the vocal folds :
deep nodes associated with the inferior thyroid artery or | with nodes associated with the front of the cricothyroid ligament or upper tracea
91
Trachea
``` • C6 - T5 (Sternal angle) (between cricoid cartilage and tracheal bifurcation is 10 -12cm) • Cervical part • Thoracic part (bifurcation of trachea) *** T 4-5 ```
92
carina
hook-shaped structure
93
LUNGS
* Apex of lung * Base of lung * Surfaces * Margins
94
Margins of lung
Anterior border | Inferior border Posterior border
95
Right lung
* Azygos vein * Esophagus * Superior vena cava * Right brachiocephalic vein * Inferior vena cava * Cardiac impression
96
Left lung
* Cardiac impression * Groove for arch of aorta * Groove for descending aorta * Area for esophagus and trachea * Groove for subclavian artery * Left brachiocephalic vein
97
Bronchopulmonary segments
* Lobular bronchiole * Terminal bronchiole * Respiratuary bronchiole * Alveolar duct * Alveolar sac * Pulmoner alveolus
98
The inferior margin of lung extends to
6th rib in the midclavicular line and to 8th rib in the midaxilllary line
99
Posteriorly inferior level is at the
10th rib Ends on the level of T10 vertebra Midclavicular - midaxillary - posterior (T12

Anatomy (5 decks)

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