Research

Question 1

most basic and pervasive of all research methods

Answer 1

observation

Question 2

the following involves making observations:

Answer 2

experimental, case study, and naturalistic approaches

Question 3

• “casual observation”
• does little by itself, can even lead to erroneous conclusions.
• BUT can lead to development of hypothesis that can eventually be tested more systematically

Answer 3

unsystematic observation

Question 4

• carried out in real-life settings, but more systematic and rigorous
• no real control exerted by observer, but observation is carefully planned
• limited to a relatively few individuals and situations

Answer 4

naturalistic observation

Question 5

similar to naturalistic observation in which carefully planned observations are made in real-life settings, except that the investigator exerts a degree of control over the events being observed.

Answer 5

controlled observation

Question 6

• involves the intensive study of one person - a client or patient who is in treatment.
• include material from interviews, test responses, and treatment accounts

Answer 6

case study

Question 7

• the study of the incidence, prevalence, and distribution of illness or disease in a given population.
• can give insight in identifying who are a risk.

Answer 7

epidemiological studies

Question 8

refers to the rate of new cases of illness that develop within a given period of time

Answer 8

incidence

Question 9

refers to the overall rate of cases (old or new) within a given period

Answer 9

prevalence

Question 10

determining whether variable X is related to variable Y

Answer 10

correlational studies

Question 11

possibility that a correlation between variables A and B is due to the influence of an unknown third variable rather than to a causal relationship between A and B.

Answer 11

third-variable problem

Question 12

• statistical method for examining the interrelationships among a number of variables at the same time.
• uses many separate correlations to determine which variables change together and thus may have some underlying dimension in common.

Answer 12

factor analysis

Question 13

*evaluates or compares individuals, perhaps of different age groups, at the same point in time.
* we cannot assume age changes, only
differences among age groups

Answer 13

cross-sectional studies

Question 14

• follows the same subjects over time.
• allows us to gain insight into for age changes; reduces third-variable problem

Answer 14

longitudinal studies

Question 15

allows the researcher to determine cause-and-effect relationships between variables or events.

Answer 15

experimental method

Question 16

we have two separate sets of participants, each of which receives a different kind of treatment or intervention.

Answer 16

between-group designs

Question 17

comparisons are made on same patients at different points in time.

Answer 17

within-groups design

Question 18

the extent that the change in the dependent variable is attributable to the manipulation of the independent variable.

Answer 18

internal validity

Question 19

when extraneous variables are not controlled or cannot be shown to exist equally in experimental and control groups, these variables may [ ]

Answer 19

confound the results

Question 20

where the expectations for the experimental manipulation cause the outcome rather than (or in addition to) the manipulation itself.

Answer 20

placebo effect

Question 21

neither participant nor experimenter knows what treatment or procedure is being used.

Answer 21

double-blind procedure

Question 22

the extent that its results are generalizable beyond the narrow conditions of the study.

Answer 22

external validity

Question 23

• better internal validity is possible because of the superior control we can exert in the laboratory.
• the Achilles heel of the method is the degree of similarity between this method and the real thing.

Answer 23

analog studies

Question 24

• usually, an intervention is introduced after a reliable baseline is established, and the effects of the intervention are determined by comparing the baseline and postintervention levels of behavior.
• allow the experimenter to establish cause–effect relationships

Answer 24

single-case designs

Question 25

* permits measurement of a treatment’s effectiveness by systematic observation of changes in the participant’s behavior as treatment and no-treatment conditions alternate. * initial baseline period is followed by a treatment period, a return to the baseline, and then a second treatment period .

Answer 25

ABAB design

Question 26

* designs used when it is not possible or ethical to employ a treatment reversal period. * baselines are established for two (or more) behaviors, treatment is introduced for one behavior, and then treatment is introduced for the second behavior as well.

Answer 26

multiple baseline designs