Research

Question 0

Descriptive research

Answer 0

Observe and describe behavior without manipulating or controlling the situation, observations lead to hypotheses that can be tested at a later date

Question 1

Correlational research

Answer 1

Examines the relationship between two or more behaviors or treats, determine if two behaviors vary in someway, does not show cause and effect

Question 2

Experimental research

Answer 2

Establish if the independent variable causes the effect on the dependent variable

Question 3

Quasi experimental research

Answer 3

When a research design does not meet other experimental requirements, most communicative disorders are quasi-experimental

Question 4

Between subject research design

Answer 4

Performances of separate groups of participants are measured and compared between the groups, different groups are exposed to different treatments or levels of the independent variable e.g. Cross-sectional

Question 5

Within subject research design

Answer 5

Performance of the same participants is compared and different conditions, everyone exposed to multiple conditions e.g. longitudinal

Question 6

Mixed research design

Answer 6

Between groups and within subjects, one independent variable compares between subjects and the other independent variable compares within subjects

Question 7

Single subject design

Answer 7

Participants evaluated as individuals rather than members of a larger group, criterion-referenced, AB design, ABA design, ABAB design

Question 8

Multiple baseline design

Answer 8

Avoids disadvantages of treatment withdrawal, to prove cause-and-effect baselines must be independent of each other

Question 9

Single factor studies

Answer 9

One independent variable

Question 10

Multi factor studies

Answer 10

Many independent variables can be interaction effects

Question 11

Cross sectional

Answer 11

Groups of people at some moment in time i.e. different age groups

Question 12

Longitudinal

Answer 12

Measures the same group of people every five years to eliminate different histories

Question 13

Internal validity

Answer 13

An experiment has internal validity if there is no other reason for the measured change in performance other than the change in the independent variable

Question 14

External validity

Answer 14

The extent to which the results of the study can be generalized to other people, settings, measures, etc., study may be internally valid but results may not extend outside the parameters of the study

Question 15

Threats to internal validity

Answer 15

History, maturation, reactive pretest, instrumentation, statistical regression, differential subject selection, mortality

Question 16

Threats to external validity

Answer 16

Subject selection, interactive pretest, reactive arrangements, multiple treatment interference

Question 17

History internal threat

Answer 17

Some external event happens that researcher was not aware of and could not have controlled for i.e. winning the lottery, 9/11

Question 18

Maturation internal threat

Answer 18

Internal event that happens in the subjects themselves i.e. cognitive development, motor abilities

Question 19

Reactive pretest internal threat

Answer 19

Taking a pretest can influence performance on post test, they learn the test

Question 20

Instrumentation internal threat

Answer 20

Instruments need to be calibrated, but test ever is part of instrumentation as well and can influence the results

Question 21

Statistical regression internal threat

Answer 21

Students to perform at extremes are likely to regress to the mean upon retest

Question 22

Differential subject selection internal threat

Answer 22

If subjects are different before the experiment and after, can’t assume the differences are due to the treatment

Question 23

Mortality internal threat

Answer 23

When you have more dropouts from one group than another

Question 24

Subject selection external threat

Answer 24

Make sure subjects are an appropriate sample of the population you want to generalize

Question 25

Interactive pretest external threat

Answer 25

Subjects will be affected by the pretest and some will not i.e. weighing someone for the pretest might make them aware of their weight and motivate them to diet

Question 26

Reactive arrangements external threat

Answer 26

Subject may be reacting to their environment i.e. people know they're being watched

Question 27

Multiple treatment interference external threat

Answer 27

If treatments are combined, there could be an interaction between the treatments

Question 28

Independent variable

Answer 28

Manipulated by researcher, goes on X axis, values are chosen by researcher, minimum of two level/values, no maximum

Question 29

Nominal measurement

Answer 29

Using numbers instead of names i.e. sports players jersey number

Question 30

Ordinal measurement

Answer 30

Numbers have an order or rank, we don't know the distance between them i.e. first second third place

Question 31

Interval measurement

Answer 31

Equal units i.e. temperature, no absolute zero, can have negative numbers

Question 32

Ratio measurement

Answer 32

Intervals between numbers are the same and there is an absolute zero i.e. height, weight, age, no negative numbers

Question 33

Dependent variable

Answer 33

Affected by the manipulation of the independent variable, outcome measure, goes on Y axis

Question 34

Simple random sampling

Answer 34

Equal chance of being selected

Question 35

Convenience sampling

Answer 35

Accidental sampling, selects participants from individuals who are available because of close geographical proximity or other reasons of convenience

Question 36

Stratified sampling

Answer 36

Divides the target population into a number of non-overlapping subpopulations, such as geographical regions, then draws a random sample from each subpopulation

Question 37

Participant selection criteria

Answer 37

Should develop a set of criteria for admission/exclusion in a research study

Question 38

Systematic review

Answer 38

Qualitative way of looking at studies, analyzing threats

Question 39

Meta-analysis

Answer 39

Combining data mathematically and quantifying results

Question 40

Statistically significant

Answer 40

Not likely to have occurred by chance

Question 41

Treatment efficacy

Answer 41

Works under ideal conditions

Question 42

Treatment effectiveness

Answer 42

Will it work in the real world environment

Question 43

PICO

Answer 43

Population, intervention, comparison treatment, outcome measurement

Question 44

Test-retest Reliability

Answer 44

Tests reliability over time Same test is administered multiple times to the same group and scores are compared Scores should be stable

Question 45

Split-half reliability

Answer 45

Scores from one half of the test correlate with results from the other half of the test Often done by splitting the test into odd and even questions

Question 46

Alternate form reliability

Answer 46

Or parallel form reliability | Scores on test A and test B correlate

Question 47

Face validity

Answer 47

The test looks like it assess the skill it claims to assess | Not a valuable measure because it does not look at content or outcomes

Question 48

Content validity

Answer 48

Test's contents represent the content domain being assessed | Similar to face validity but judges the actual content of the test and not the appearance

Question 49

Construct validity

Answer 49

A test measures a predetermined theoretical construct

Question 50

Criterion validity

Answer 50

Established by use of external criterion, two types: concurrent and predictive

Question 51

Concurrent validity

Answer 51

Test's validity in comparison to a widely accepted test

Question 52

Predictive validity

Answer 52

Test's ability to predict performance in another situation or at a later time