research and design quiz #6

Question 1

__________ research refers to
counting and measuring items associated
with the phenomena in question

Answer 1

Quantitative

Question 2

_________ research provides a means of describing and
explaining a phenomenon through a
numerical system

Answer 2

Quantitative

Question 3

__________ research is an objective analysis based on the
numerical findings produced from
observations

Answer 3

Quantitative

Question 4

Most criminological research is ___________

Answer 4

quantitative

Question 5

__________ forms the core of quantitative
research

Answer 5

Empiricism

Question 6

use of sensations and
experiences (observations) to arrive at
conclusions about the world in which we live

what is it?

Answer 6

Empiricism

Question 7

Empiricism is important because it focuses on
________ rather than causal observation

Answer 7

causation

Question 8

Behaviors or events that lead to other behaviors or events. This leads to the status of something having: ________

Answer 8

CAUSALITY

Question 9

There are, at minimum, _____ necessary elements to establish a true
causal relationship

Answer 9

Three

Question 10

What are the three elements to establish a true causal relationship?

1) T___ Or___g
2) Co____n
3) Cont___ for ______ Conf______rs

Answer 10

Time ordering –
* in the statement “X causes Y,” we must establish that “X” did in fact occur before “Y”

Correlation –
* “X” and “Y” must share a relationship or be associated with each other

Control for potential confounders –
* we must establish that the relationship between “X” and “Y” is not explained by some
other variable

Question 11

in the statement “X causes Y,” we must establish that “X” did in fact occur before “Y”

Which element of casual relationship is this?

Answer 11

Time ordering

Question 12

“X” and “Y” must share a relationship or be associated with each other

Which element of casual relationship is this?

Answer 12

Correlation

Question 13

we must establish that the relationship between “X” and “Y” is not explained by some other variable

Which element of casual relationship is this?

Answer 13

Control for potential confounders

Question 14

What are the four types of cause?

1) Id_____ic Cause
2) No_____ic cause
3) Nec______ cause
4) Suf_____nt cause

Answer 14

Idiographic cause

Nomothetic cause

Necessary cause

Sufficient cause

Question 15

the examination of numerous explanations for why an event occurred

• Many causes can be contrasted and compared using numerical assignments
• Tends to focus on the individual and their unique qualities (idiosyncratic characteristics)

which of the four causes (that are made up of the three necessary elements) is this one?

Answer 15

Idiographic cause

Question 16

– the examination of relatively few observations to provide a partial
explanation for an event

• Probability assessments generate inferences based on few observations
• Focuses on generalizations and classifications for groups, principles, and dimensions

which of the four causes (that are made up of the three necessary elements) is this one?

Answer 16

Nomothetic cause

Question 17

– a condition or event must occur for another event to take place

Ex: If you live in Huntsville, Texas, it is ________ that you
live in the United States

which of the four causes (that are made up of the three necessary elements) is this one?

Answer 17

Necessary cause

Question 18

– the presence of a condition ordinarily causes the effect to occur

Ex: if you live in the U.S., it is ________ that you live in
Huntsville, Texas, but it is not necessary
* Ex: If you live in a place called Huntsville, it is ________ that
you live in Texas, but it is not necessary. Why? Because you
could live in other U.S. states with a town called Huntsville
(Arkansas, Alabama, etc.)

which of the four causes (that are made up of the three necessary elements) is this one?

Answer 18

Sufficient cause

Question 19

the arbitrary assignment of numerical values to variables without logical reason for doing so

For example, it would make little sense to
assign a rational number (i.e., a fraction
or decimal value) to the
nominal/categorical variable “gender” or
“sex”

what condition is this?

Answer 19

False precision

Question 20

False precision often occurs when one
attempts to quantify concepts
Su______ly rather than Ob_____ly

Answer 20

subjectively rather than objectively

Question 21

What are the Four Levels of Quantitative Measurement?

(hint: N.O.I.R.).

Answer 21

1) Nominal
2) Ordinal
3) Interval
4) Ratio

Question 22

categorical, typology, but not ordered (e.g.,
variables such as “gender” or “sex” are _______)

• Each category in ________ measures is mutually
  exclusive
• There is no quantitative or statistical value in the
  assigned numbers other than for coding purposes
  or reporting results among particular groups

Other examples include:
* political party
* region,
* urbanicity etc.

Which of the four Measures of Quantitative Research is this?

Answer 22

Level #1: Nominal Measurement

Question 23

– categorical, typological, and can be ordered
or ranked

• (e.g., police or military rank would be _____) but
  no mathematical/quantifiable difference
  between the categories
• Another example is the rank ordering of crimes
  by seriousness. If you say on a scale from 1 to 10
  (1 = least, 10 = most) stealing is a 4, assault is a 7,
  and murder is 10, the unit differences between
  these values cannot be substantively explained
• Another example is measures of one’s
  satisfaction with something (lets say customer
  service) on a scale from 1 (very unsatisfied) to 5
  (very satisfied). However, we still don’t know the
  true difference between a 4 and a 5 on this scale

Which of the four Measures of Quantitative Research is this?

Answer 23

Level #2: Ordinal Measurement

Question 24

– categories that have distinctive and
equal differences between the characteristics
measured

• There is an expected equality in the
  distance between the items on a
  continuum, but there is no set zero or
  starting point
• (e.g., IQ scores 115 to 130 is separated by
  15 units, but so is 150 to 165. this 15-unit
  difference, however, lacks distinction)
• Temperature is another ______ measure
  because it lacks a true zero starting point
  (you can have negative degrees below zero)

Which of the four Measures of Quantitative Research is this?

Answer 24

Level #3: Interval Measurement

Question 25

– continuous measure that is ordered,
has equal units of distance, and has a true
zero starting point

• (e.g., age, weight, and straight measures
  of income are continuous _____ variables)
• The distance between any two measures
  on a scale also have meaning. In height,
  for example, the difference between
  being 6’0’’ and 6’1’’ is quantifiable

Which of the four Measures of Quantitative Research is this?

Answer 25

Level #4: Ratio Measurement

Question 26

What are the Eight (8) “Types” of Quantitative Research? (meaning, what are ethe practical, physical things one would do when conducting quantitative research)

1) S____ey
2) F___d R____ch
3) Un_____ve R____ch
4) An____is of ______ da_a
5) Q______ied Hi____al Re______
6) Q______ied Con___nt Ana___is
7) Eva_______ Re_____
8) Comb______n Re_______

Answer 26

1) Survey
2) Field research
3) Unobtrusive research
4) Analysis of existing data
5) Quantified historical research
6) Quantified content analysis
7) Evaluation research
8) Combination research

Question 27

– popular is CJ research. We use
_______ when we are interested in
experiences, attitudes, perceptions, or
beliefs among individuals, as well as for
policies, procedures, or actions among
groups.

Which of the eight (8) types of quantitative research is this one?

Answer 27

Survey research

Question 28

Observations are made that allow
for numerical assignment, and can
thus be quantified

Which of the eight (8) types of quantitative research is this one?

Answer 28

Field research

Question 29

Research analyzes data that has
already been collected by someone
else or that does not require
interaction

Which of the eight (8) types of quantitative research is this one?

Answer 29

Unobtrusive research

Question 30

Research obtains and analyzes
preexisting data to answer some
research objective

Which of the eight (8) types of quantitative research is this one?

Answer 30

Analysis of existing data

Question 31

The researcher reviews archival records,
documents, or social artifacts to gain
insight about an event or era in history

Which of the eight (8) types of quantitative research is this one?

Answer 31

Quantified historical research

Question 32

The researcher either counts the number
of occurrences in which a topic or issue is
presented or numerically assesses the
presentations based on a predetermined
scale or ranking

Emphasizes statistical rather than verbal
analysis of various forms of
communication

Which of the eight (8) types of quantitative research is this one?

Answer 32

Quantified content analysis

Question 32

The researcher uses a quantified
comparative research design that assists
in the development of new skills or
approaches to solve “real world”
problems

Emphasizes the statistical evaluation of
program or policy functionality and/or
impact

Which of the eight (8) types of quantitative research is this one?

Answer 32

Evaluation research

Question 33

The researcher employs a combination of
different quantitative methods to answer
questions

May include using surveys, field
observation, archival records, and content
analysis, or some other combination of
quantitative research methods

Which of the eight (8) types of quantitative research is this one?

Answer 33

Combination research

Question 34

What are the three (3) main types of Surveys?

1) (Per/I)
2) (Mai/Q)
3) (Tele/S)

Answer 34

1) Personal interviews – face to face
(structured/semi-structured/unstructured)
* Responses are numerically assigned
and are quantitative

2) Mail questionnaires – survey instrument
is mailed to selected respondents
* Really cheap and safe, and can be
used to survey a large amount of
people fairly quickly

3) Telephone surveys – calling selected
respondents and gathering responses to
survey instrument
* Cheap, safe, and effective

Question 35

M____d methods are the BLENDING of qualitative and quantitative research

Answer 35

Mixed

Question 36

PROS of survey research:

Answer 36

Probability sampling and standardized questionnaire
Can use large samples
Flexibility in operational definitions
Standardized questionnaires increase strength of data

Question 37

CONS of survey research:

Answer 37

Questions can be limited or only appropriate in certain circumstances
Limits context in terms of respondent thoughts and actions
Requires that no change occur during the survey period, thus it is inflexible
Survey instruments are subject to artificiality
Refusal to participate is problematic

Question 38

true or false:

False precision is an ISSUE that you must deal with

Answer 38

True

Question 39

No___l and Or____l measurements are DISCRET

Answer 39

Nominal and ordinal

Question 40

In____l and Ra___o measures are CONTINUOUS

Answer 40

Interval and Ratio