Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Research > Research Basics > Flashcards

Research Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Independent Variable

A

-manipulated
-intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dependent Variable

A

-measured
-change in strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Confounding Variable

A

-variable that could influence outcome of the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Quantitative Research

A

-uses numbers
-IV manipulated
-reduce confounding variable
-t-test, ANOVA, mean med mode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Qualitative Research

A

-understand a problem from the perfpective of the affected population
-interviews

Strengths:
-descriptions
-human side of issues

Limitations:
-time and cost
-cannot measure validity and reliability
-cannot be generalized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Single-Subject

A

-one or few participants measured several times
-usually unique pop or intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nominal Scale

A

-qualitative
-identified only by name
-show differences in individuals

ex: gender, disease, zip code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ordinal Scale

A

-qualitative
-ordered categories
-direction of differences between individuals
-no true number value

ex: no help, some help, independent, MMT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Interval/Ratio Scale

A

-quantitative
-ordered series of equal size
-direction and magnitude

Interval: zero is arbitrary
Ratio: real zero

ex: feet, temp, ROM, speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Descriptive Studies

A

-Retrospective
-Normative
-qualitative

-describes data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Exploratory Studies

A

-correlational: relationships
-predictive: reliability and validity
-case control (quasi experimental)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Experimental Studies

A

-RCT only true
-cause and effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Quasi-Experimental

A

-no manipulated IV
-pre exisiting variable
-cohort studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alpha Level

A

-predetermed before study
-pre set significance level
-0.05 usually, 5% chance data relationships are not significant

Smaller: high risk
Larger: important even if theres a chance at not being effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

P-Value

A

-determined by outcome of study
-actualy probability that results occured by chance
- <0.05 to be significant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Validity

A

-info is believable and useful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Internal Validity of Study

A

-did the IV cause the change in DV
-RCT is the best design to maximize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Internal Validity: History

A

-something happend between pre and post to change result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Internal Validity: Maturation

A

-did participants change over time

ex: children aging, disease progression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Internal Validity: Attrition/Mortality

A

-who dropped out and why

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Internal Validity: Repeated Testing

A

-did the repetiitons change the outcome

ex: doing the same thing for weeks will ensure better performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Internal Validity: Instrumentation

A

-was the instrument changed
-calibrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Internal Validity: Regression to the Mean

A

-groups with extreme scores tend to regress towards mean

ex: really bad pt will get better and really good might stay or get worse closer to the mean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Internal Validity: Experiementer Bias

A

-biased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Internal Validity: Selection
-did the groups differ -sample not representative of population
26
Contruct Validity
-are we measuing what we think we are
27
External Validity for Study
-can the results be generalized by the population -is it specific enough to have a difference but not too specific that you cant generalize it
28
Statistical Conclusion Validity
Low Power: small sample size, too much variability -sample size too small to be representative -used the wrong test -error rate (Type 1: reject null when shouldnt or Type 2: fail to reject when should have
29
Simple Random Sample
-everyone has the same chance
30
Systematic Sampling
-select in a certain order ex: every 5
31
Stratified Sampling
-select sample then divide into parts -divide a population into individuals ex: 10 students from every age group
32
Cluster Sampling
-double random -random population and randomly divide into groups ex: 5 random schools and select 10 random people from each of those schools
33
Convenience Sampling
-members volunteer or self select -usual
34
Sampling Error
-sample doesn't match population
35
Cohen's D
-measure of effect size: meaningful amount of change -difference in means divided by pooled SD -generally larger with bigger differences less variability = larger ES d= change in means/ poooled SD Small= 0.2 Medium= 0.5 Large= 0.8
36
Power
-chance of finding a sig diff -affect by effect size and participants
37
Validity
-how correct it is -measures what it should -cannot exit without reliability
38
Reliabiliy
-how consistent it is -degree of association -can exist without validity
39
Contingency Table
True Positive: a; tested positive with test; have the condition False Positive: b; tested positive; don't have the condition False Negative: c; tested negative; have the condition True Negative: d; tested negative; don't have condition
40
Sensitivity
-snout: rule out -true positive test -shows all the positive so it rules out the negatives -a/(a+c)
41
Specificity
-spin: rule in -true negative -shows all the negative so it rules in the positives -d/(b+d)
42
Predictive Value (+)
-likelyhood that the positive test = having condition -a/(a+b)
43
Predictive Value (-)
-likelyhood that the negative test= not having condition -d/(c+d)
44
Positive Likelihood Ratio
-increased odds of having condition if testing positive -ratio of true to false -Sensitivity/ (1- Specificity) -higher= more likely
45
Negative Likelihood Ratio
-decreased odds of having condition if testing negative -ratio of false to true -(1- Sensitivity)/ Specificity -lower= less likely
46
Guide to Interpreting LR
-most powerful tool for quantifying importance of a particular test 10+, Best, inc by 45% 5+: OK, inc by 30% 2+: Poor, inc by 15% 1.0-: Useless, 0% 0.5-: Poor, dec by 15% 0.2-: Ok, dec by 30% 0.1-: Best, Dec by 45%
47
Minimal Detectable Change
-MDC -amount of change needed to overcome measurement error -increase reliability of test decreases MDC
48
Minimal Clinical Important Difference
-MCID -amount of important change from the perspective of individual -should be bigger than MDC
49
One-Way Repeated Research Design
-one group doing the same thing over titme
50
Posttest-Only Randomized Group
-randomized -2+ groups that are only measured after the intervention
51
Posttest-Only Non-Randomized Research Design
-non randomized -2+ groups that are only measured after the intervention
52
Factorial-Fully Independent Research Design
-2+ interventions at the same time -each person stays in the same group the whole time
53
Factorial-Fully Repeated Research Design
-2+ interventions at the same time -all participants switch groups throughout the study
54
Factorial Mixed/Split Plot Research Design
-with or without randomization -Participants in designated groups move through several parts -most common in PT
55
Crossover Research Design
-with or without randomization -groups switch interventions after 1st is done
56
Measurement Theory
-psychometrics -foundation for evaluating tests and their uses -reliability and validity are most fuindamental measurment theory
57
Measurement Study
-any study that investigates the reliability or validity of a research measure
58
Operational Definition
-objective variables must be defined in study
59
Inter-Tester Reliability
-different raters get the same score -tester reliability
60
Intra-Tester Reliability
-same rater coninuously gets the same score
61
Test-Retest reliability
-is the instrument consistent enough to get the same score -is the patient consistent enough to get the same score -instrument reliability
62
Agreement
-if 2 ratings are similar or match exactly
63
Parallel Reliability
-aka equivalent -2 of the same tests are given to 2 groups -do the groups meausre similarly
64
Split-Half Reliability
-questions from the same sources are both giiven to one group -does the group measure the same on each
65
Face Validity
-does it measure what it's supposed to
66
Content Validity
-dooes it measure the entirety of what it is suposed to according to experts
67
Criterion-Based Validity
-degree to whih the outcomes correlate with the gold standard
68
Concurrent Validity
-degree to which the outcomes correlate with another test (gold standard or not) -given at the same time
69
Predictive Validity
-can it be used to predict some outcome -Berg balance
70
Construct Validity
-degree to which a theorhetical construct is measured by an instrument
71
Responsiveness to Change
-extent to which significant changes in the participants are reflected -ceiling/floor effects alter this -more items: more responsiveness
72
ROC (Receiver Operating) Curves
-Sensitivity vs False positives -Increased area under the line= high sensitivity and specificity -want greater than 1/2 under the line

Research (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions