Research methods Flashcards

Question

Disadvantage of Reviews

Answer 1

Often invalidated by cherry picking- only including studies that support authors viewpoint, harder to trust results

Answer 2

Do a meta analysis

Answer 3

More sophisticated form of a review Less likely to involve cherry picking findings Methodological criteria used which enables others to replicate the study, check results and update the study

Answer 4

MSM | Milgram

Answer 5

Strange situation | Milgram

Answer 6

Minimum sample size Well controlled variables Random allocation, blind trial

Answer 7

Research submitted to a journal in a standard format (abstract, introduction, method, results and discussion) The reviewer should be experts in their field and be competent to judge the merits of the paper Blind reviewing processes is ideal so identity of research is anonymous and they would review the methodology without looking at results Research accepted or rejected for publication on accepted on certain conditions like modifications or extensions are made.

Answer 8

+Anonymity used to remove bias - Not always possible to find expert in the field - Publication bias (prefer to publish positive results) - If fault found later can't be removed

Answer 9

Peer review process is designed to ensure that good quality research that increases the knowledge base of psychology is published.

Answer 10

Specific, testable statements of prediction, it states what the research expects to find out To operationalise the hypotheses you need to early state how the IV will be manipulated and how the DV will be measured. IV- Independent Variable (what you change) DV- Dependent Variable

Answer 11

Statement of no difference

Answer 12

1-tailed test | States the direction of the predicted difference

Answer 13

2-tailed hypothesis | States there will be a difference but we don't know what direction that difference will be

Answer 14

Rejecting Null hypothesis that is true

Answer 15

Accepting Null hypothesis that is fake Likely to occur if the probability is too stringent

Answer 16

Changing qualitative data into quantitive data so it can be statistically analysed +Inter-rater reliability can be easily tested +Unobtrusive - Highly subjective - Time Consuming - Reductionist

Answer 17

``` Title Abstract Introduction Hypotheses Method Results Discussion References Appendices ```

Answer 18

+ Internal Validity = controlled variables + Control Increases replicability and if consistent results are achieved reliability - Demand characteristics due to set out - May have reduced external validity as experiments aren't generalisable to real life

Answer 19

+ Experimenter effects/demand characteristics reduced + Higher ecological validity as it's a natural setting - Less control over extraneous variables - Demand characteristics may be present if ppts know they're being studied

Answer 20

+Effects of privation + No Demand characteristics - Validity may be reduced, no random allocation - Low replicability

Answer 21

+ Shows relationships + Can be conducted on a lot of data + Easily replicated - No cause/effect can be established - May lack internal/external validity

Answer 22

+ Rich data as natural behaviour is observed - Demand characteristics in overt observations - Observer bias - Inter-rater reliability should be used to test

Answer 23

+Large samples fairly quickly + Open questions used for quantitative data easily analysed +Closed questions for qualitative - Social desirability bias - Leading questions could reduce validity - Close questions can reduce validity as it may not allow full response

Answer 24

A sample of participants produced by selecting people who are most easily available at the time of the study. + Easy to conduct + Easy to get large samples - Biased (selection bias by researcher, non verbal clues) - Only allows a small sample of target population - May not be representative

Answer 25

A sampling technique that relies solely on volunteers to make up the sample. +Quick +reach a wide variety of people - Those who volunteer may not be representative of the target population as they may be more motivated/outgoing

Answer 26

A group of participants selected using a random technique so that every member of the target population has an equal chance. + Less biased -Still same bias as some people may refuse to take part

Answer 27

Informed consent Confidentiality and anonymity Right to withdraw at any time Protection from harm Deception Debriefing

Answer 28

Split-half method where test is split in two and you need a strong correlation between both halves Counterbalancing

Answer 29

Tested using test-retest method on same participants however this requires a gap between 1st and 2nd test.

Answer 30

How well the method being used measures what you set out to measure

Answer 31

How well the research can be applied to the real world

Answer 32

A method of gaining knowledge which relies on direct observation or testing.

Answer 33

A variable that is directly manipulated by the experimenter.

Answer 34

A measurable outcome of the action of the independent variable in an experiment.

Answer 35

If findings from a study are true it is possible to obtain the same findings if the study is repeated.

Answer 36

The attempt to prove something wrong.

Answer 37

the practice used by academic journals and research assessments of using experts to assess other experts.

Answer 38

A measure of consistency within a set of scores or items and also over time to obtain the same results on subsequent occasions.

Answer 39

A measure of the extent to which something is consistent with itself.

Answer 40

A calculation of the extent to which a measure varies from another measure of the same thing over time.

Answer 41

Refers to legitimacy of a study, the extent to which the findings can be applied beyond the research setting.

Answer 42

Data that expresses the 'quality' of things. Cannot be counted or quantified.

Answer 43

Quantitative data Data that represents a number of something.

Answer 44

Each ppts only assigned to one condition of the independent variable

Answer 45

Each ppts is assigned to more than one condition of the independent variable Experimental groups consist of exactly the same ppts repeating the same task but under a different condition

Answer 46

2 equal groups of participants and each ppts is matched with a similar ppts in the other group Both groups take part in different conditions of the independent variable as with independent groups.