Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Research - Semester 1 > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

What is Qualitative Research?

A

Opinion or narrative & how this influences behaviours. Measured using:
• Multiple Views – everyone experiences things differently
• Interviews – structured (set questions), Semi or not structured
• Focus Groups
• Going ‘native’ - being a part of it
• Go ‘along’ interviews & being a part of it – Ross Kemp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is quantitative research?

A

Specific scientific methods:
• Observational or experimental
• Establish truth or facts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a RCT?

A

Experiment concerned with the intervention & outcome variables & the relationship between them. Usually has a control group – no intervention – to see how the intervention has worked.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

Individuals with a specific injury or condition are tracked over time to see how the condition evolves over time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a case control study?

A

A group of cases are matched with controls & a retrospective comparison is made of the variables which may have caused the problem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a case report?

A

Report of individual with rare diseases – symptoms, signs, diagnosis, Rx & outcomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is summarising?

A

Summarising research is a form of research.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is primary research?

A

Types of research which involve data collection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is secondary research?

A

When primary research doesn’t really answer the questions, further research can be undertaken.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a systematic review?

A

Focused r/v of a single question, usually explanatory, focuses of methodological errors & how the study could be improved. Gives answers not new questions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

New data added. Data pooled from research. Analysis is re-run & overall result gained. Larger sample size. Wider generalisation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the hierarchy of evidence?

A
  1. Systematic r/v or meta-analysis
  2. Randomised control trials
  3. Cohort Studies
  4. Case Control Studies
  5. Case Report
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the sample?

A

Participants, drawn from entire population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the dependant variable?

A

Thing which is tested e.g. balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

Variable being changed or controlled e.g. Rx method or time. Control group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is systematic sampling?

A

Inclusion or exclusion criteria – system to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Portion of the population depending on factors e.g. over 21 or males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is cluster sampling?

A

Subgroups of population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is convenience sampling?

A

selected by willingness to take part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is quota sampling?

A

Participants up to a specific number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is purposive sampling?

A

Researcher decides who fits the criteria and who doesn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is snowball sampling?

A

Researcher asks one, then they ask someone & carries on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is randomisation

A

By chance, by 3rd party, stratified by certain characteristics, cluster by GP or by postcode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a randomised trial?

A

Random to the intervention A or B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is a RCT?

A

Random to the intervention A or B or control group

26
Q

what is a placebo controlled trial?

A

Controlled group has inactive Rx which resembles the Rx being tested

27
Q

what is a cross over design?

A

all participants experience the intervention - at different times

28
Q

what is FINER criteria?

A

Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, Relevant

29
Q

What is validity?

A

How credible is the research, is it valid, is it trustworthy. Are the results of good quality, procedures, outcome measures, data collection & analysis.

30
Q

what is reliability?

A

Could the study be repeated & get same result? Is the result just by chance?

31
Q

what is generalisability?

A

Who can this research be applied to?

32
Q

What can cause random error?

A

chance, equipment, age, anxiety, patient change, fatigue.

33
Q

what is a systematic error?

A

Bias e.g. tester wants better results subconsciously or NHS trust wants good results

34
Q

what is inter rater reliability

A

Consistency between 2 individuals are both measures reliable.

35
Q

what is intrarater reliability?

A

Consistency of individual taking outcome measures, how good are you at a particular set of skills? Would you get the same each test?

36
Q

what is internal validity

A

Is the method reliable is it measuring what it’s supposed to measure?

37
Q

what is external validity

A

Can the study be applied to the general population? Did the study group reflect this?

38
Q

what is the Hawthorne effect?

A

Pts perform better as they are in a study

39
Q

what is the placebo effect?

A

Pts perform better as they expect they will do following an intervention

40
Q

what is the halo effect?

A

researcher influences result as they want the patients to do well

41
Q

what is the researcher effect?

A

patients react better as they want the researcher to do well

42
Q

what is binary data?

A

yes or no - cateogrical data

43
Q

what is nominal data?

A

categorical data which has no order - it is arbitrary - e.g. blood group

44
Q

what is ordinal data?

A

categorical data ordered - e.g. pain scale - 1-5

45
Q

what is interval data?

A

numerical data - evenly spread - zero is NOT absolute - e.g. temperature

46
Q

what is ratio data?

A

numerical data - zero is absolute e.g. height

47
Q

how to present categorical data?

A

pie chart or bar chart

48
Q

how to present numerical data?

A

histogram

49
Q

What is parametric data?

A

normal distribution of data

50
Q

what is non-parametric data?

A

skewed data

51
Q

what is standard deviation?

A

a measure of variance - the distance from the mean.

Covers 95% of data

52
Q

what measure of variance would you use for skewed data?

A

median and IQR

53
Q

what measure of variance for parametric data?

A

mean and SD

54
Q

what is inference?

A

Can the results be applied to the general population and what can you infer from this. Takes into account the confounding variables – bias, sample, method, group.

55
Q

what is correlation?

A

the similarities or differences betweent the groups

56
Q

what is a type 1 error?

A

falsely reject the null hypohesis - false positive result

57
Q

what can cause type 1 error?

A

accepted p-value is too high, sample size was too small OR biased design

58
Q

what is a type 2 error?

A

false negative - falsely accepting the null hypothesis

59
Q

what can cause a type 2 error?

A

sample size too small

60
Q

how to reduce the chances of a type 1 or 2 error?

A

power calculation

Research - Semester 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions