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Psychology- Research methods > Research Methods P1 > Flashcards

Research Methods P1 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What are the different types of experiments?

A
  1. Laboratory
  2. Field
  3. Quasi
  4. Natural
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of a laboratory experiment?

A
  • Controlled environment
  • Researcher directly manipulated IV
  • Standardised procedure
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of a field experiment?

A
  • Real world setting
  • Researcher directly manipulates IV
  • Random allocation
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of a quasi experiment?

A
  • No control over IV (naturally occurring)
  • Researcher puts tasks in place to measure DV
  • Some control over EV
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of a natural experiment?

A
  • No control over IV (naturally occurring)
  • DV naturally occurring
  • Little control over EV
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6
Q

What is validity?

A

Accuracy of research findings

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7
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Research accurately measuring what it claims to do

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8
Q

What is external validity?

A

Research findings be accurately generalised beyond study

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of internal validity?

A
  • Investigator effect present
  • Results obtained through manipulation of IV
  • Strict control over EV
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10
Q

What are the characteristics of ecological validity?

A
  • Mundane realism
  • Environment = important
  • Elect natural behaviours
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of population validity?

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Cultural background
  • Religious beliefs
  • SES
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of temporal validity?

A
  • Changed attitudes
  • Political context
  • Findings relevant today
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13
Q

What is reliability?

A

How consistent results likely to be

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14
Q

Evaluate laboratory experiments

A

P= High in reliability
E= Standardised procedure (EV limited)
E= Easily replicated

P= High IV
E= Control over EV to establish C + E
E= Know change in DV due to IV

P= Low ecological validity
E= Unnatural setting
E= Behave unnatural

P= Low IV
E= Demand characteristics
E= Behaviour not accurate

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15
Q

Evaluate field experiments

A

P= High ecological validity
E= Natural setting
E= Natural behaviour

P= High IV
E= Demand characteristics not present
E= Behaviour more realistic

P= Low reliability
E= Use standardised procedure
E= Hard to replicate

P= Low IV
E= No control over EV
E= Hard to establish C + E

P= Ethical issues
E= Not aware of observation
E= Need to give informed consent

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16
Q

Evaluate quasi experiments

A

P= Low IV
E= Can’t randomly allocate
E= Participant variables confound results

Lab= easily replicable
Field= high EV

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17
Q

Evaluate natural experiments

A
  1. Investigate impractical/ unethical experiments
  2. EV high
  3. Demand characteristics reduced
  4. No random allocation
  5. No control over environment
  6. Ethical guidelines (unaware)
  7. Impossible to replicate
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18
Q

What is a variable?

A

Anything in a research study can vary

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19
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

Variable that’s changed

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20
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

Variable that’s measured

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21
Q

What is an operationalised variable?

A

Defining precisely how you intend to measure the DV + alter conditions of IV

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22
Q

What is an extraneous variable?

A

Extra to the IV which might impact the DV

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23
Q

What are the types of extraneous variables?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Participant variables
  2. Situational variables
  3. Experimenter effect
  4. Demand characteristics
24
Q

What are participant variables?

Study These Flashcards
A

Aspects of a pps background that affect results
- Age, gender, identity

25
How do we control participant variables?
Random allocation: 1. List of pps generated 2. Pps divided by chance 3. List worked through using system
26
What are situational variables?
Alter pps behaviour sources of random error - Lighting, temp, time
27
How do we control situational variables?
Standardised procedure: 1. Repeating same for each group
28
What are experimenter effects?
Unintentional actions by researchers that influence outcome - Interaction
29
How do we control experimenter effects
Double blind: 1. Neither pps nor conductor of study know the aim
30
What are demand characteristics?
Cues that encourage pps to conform researchers expectations - Materials/ experimental setting
31
How do we control demand characteristics?
Double bind: Neither pps nor conductor of study know the aim
32
What is a confounding variable?
Form of extraneous variable that has not been controlled
33
Why is a confounding variable hard to control?
It varies systematically with the independent variable
34
What is a research aim?
Identifies the purpose of the investigation
35
What is an operationalised hypothesis?
Precise, testable statement about the expected outcome of research
36
What must a hypothesis always have?
- Predictive statement - Refer to conditions of IV being investigated - Refer to operationalised DV
37
What is a null hypothesis?
Statement that the researcher will not find any results of statistical significance - No difference between the DV for each condition of your IV + any difference due to chance
38
What is a non directional hypothesis?
Unsure of the likely outcome of findings but will be a difference - There will be a significant difference between...
39
What is a directional hypothesis?
Good idea of what the results are likely to be in a study - Uses MORE/LESS
40
What is order effect?
If pps repeat then have a change in condition the 2nd performance becomes affected
41
What is an experimental design?
How pps are organised into conditions of IV
42
What are the 3 experimental designs?
1. Independent group 2. Repeated measures 3. Matched pairs
43
What is the independent measures design and why is it used?
Different pps take part in each condition of IV - Not influenced by order effect - Reduce demand characteristic
44
What is a repeated measures design and why is it used?
Same pps take place in each condition of IV - Study change in something - Minimise affect of participant variables - Difficult to get large sample
45
What is counterbalancing?
Doing condition A or B first then swap AB/BA
46
What is a matched pairs design and why is it used?
Pps matched on key variables and split into different conditions - Minimise participant variables - No influence on order effects
47
What are the strengths of independent groups?
- Reduce demand characteristics - Not influenced by order effects
48
What are the weaknesses of independent groups?
- Different pps for each can give different results - Participant variables - Hard to study change - Reduce internal validity
49
What are the strengths of repeated measures?
- Minimise effect of participant variables - Increase internal validity
50
What are the weaknesses of repeated measures?
- Order effects - Difficult to get large sample - Demand characteristics
51
What are the strengths of matched pairs?
- Minimise participant variables - No order effects - Demand characteristics
52
What are the weaknesses of matched pairs?
- Hard/ time consuming to match people - Hard to find exact match
53
Evaluate independent groups
P= Findings valid E= No order effects as only 1 condition E= No fatigue improves internal validity P= More valid E= Reduce demand characteristics E= Increase internal validity P= validity affected E= Participant variables E= Variation between groups to less valid conclusions
54
Evaluate repeated measures
P= More valid E= Participant variables controlled E= Pps acts as own control + special features P= Validity affected E= Demand characteristics E= Respond invalidly P= Validity affected E= Order effects likely E= Pps fatigued
55
Evaluate matched pair design
P= Improve internal validity E= Make 1 list of words E= Reduces confounding variables P= Order effects reduced E= 1 condition E= Increase validity P= Improve validity E= Pair pps by similar characteristics E= Reduces participant variables P= Matching can be difficult E= Ask pps questions to pair E= Participant variables never controlled

Psychology- Research methods (5 decks)

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