Research Midterm #2 Flashcards
(32 cards)
What is type 1 error?
rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true (false positive)
What is type 2 error?
accepting a null hypothesis that is false (false negative) - easy when the sample size is too small!
What is the best method available to social researchers collecting original data from a large population?
Survey research
Three attributes to focus on when composing questionnaire questions:
focus, brevity, simplicity
A scale constructed with levels of agreement (favorable - unfavorable), usually represented by 5-7 responses
Likert scale
A scale of increasing intensity establishing a one-dimensional continuum for a concept. Respondents check items with which they agree.
Guttman Scale
A scale allowing rating along a bipolar continuum.
Semantic Differential Scale
What is ratio data? Examples?
numeric, taking on a continuous value; height, weight, age
What is interval data? Examples?
countable, ordered numeric data; number of students, number of strokes
What is ordinal data? Examples?
data with a natural order; education level or SES
What is nominal data? Examples?
data without a natural order; gender or ethnicity
“Marital status” is what type of data
nominal
“no/yes/don’t know” is what type of data
nominal
Descriptive Statistics:
describe/summarize data (demographic info). Reduce info into understandable pieces
Inferential statistics
used to look at group differences! draw conclusions, ie pre/post test
Correlational statistics:
shows strength of relationship between variables
How to display descriptive statistics
bar graph, histogram, line graph, pie chart
What does a low p-value indicate?
probability of the difference being due to chance is low (reject the HO)
Student t-test (independent t-test) is used when…
used when there is no relationship between two groups
Paired t-test is used when…
groups are the same (pre/post test)
Analysis of varience (ANOVA) is used to…
test the difference between more than 2 means (more than 2 groups)
If comparing the differences between randomly assigned splint group and control group, using a two-group pretest-posttest design… which test is used?
independent t-test! it doesn’t matter what testing if there is TWO separate groups you are comparing - it’s student/independent t-test
If testing 8 subjects, each one with a sitting pillow and without… which test is used?
paired t-test! the group is the same but with two conditions
If testing 4 independent groups treated with different interventions… which test is used?
anova! more than 2 groups
