Research Review Questions!

Question 1

Which of the levels of measurement involved classifying observation into mutually exclusive categories and using numbers to name attributes of a variable?

Answer 1

nominal

Question 2

Which scale is usually used for psychological measures to assess attitudes and beliefs?

Answer 2

Semantic differential scale

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the three elements that statistical tests of reliability focus on?

Answer 3

stability, equivalence, internal consistency, (randomization!)

Question 4

This is one structure that represents the natural characteristics of a variable. More specifically, it has an infinite number of values. Height/age

Answer 4

continuous variable

Question 5

What is not a consideration in developing an instrument?

Answer 5

size of the data generated

Question 6

Which type of validity is the most comprehensive and is used when researcher creates their own instrument based on and supported by related theories?

Answer 6

Construct validity

Question 7

The level of consistency with which an instrument measures a particular attribute is called…

Answer 7

reliability

Question 8

In research, the measurement process is an exact one. It involves three levels. What is the correct order of steps in the process?

Answer 8

conceptualization -> operationalization -> reliability/validity

Question 9

Which level of measurement is also known as “order” and is a numerical value assigning an order to a set of observations? It also measures the ranking of phenomena.

Answer 9

Ordinal

Question 10

Which of the following sample methods is used when the investigator wants to maximize external validity?

Answer 10

Simple random sampling, systematic sampling, cluster sampling (all of the above)

Question 11

—- is designed to compare sample group means to determine whether a significant difference can be inferred in the populations and can measure two more groups

Answer 11

one-way ANOVA

Question 12

What is the final inferential action process?

Answer 12

reject or fail to reject null hypothesis

Question 13

This term refers to both the distribution of values for a given variable and the number of times each value occurs

Answer 13

frequency distribution

Question 14

What is the basic analytic strategy regarding the phenomenology study design?

Answer 14

Group statements based on meaning: develops textual description

Question 15

What is the level of statistical analysis that selects parametric and nonparametric statistics for its primary statistical tools?

Answer 15

Inferential statistcs

Question 16

What is it called when the reserachers claims there IS a difference between groups though if more stat was to be collected there would NOT be a difference between the two groups?

Answer 16

Type I error

Question 17

What is the process in which one source of information is checked against one of more other types of sources to ensure the accuracy of hypothetical understandings?

Answer 17

triangulation

Question 18

The first step in data collection is —-

Answer 18

Figuring out where or in what context information should be obtained

Question 19

—- Is one way that an investigavot ensures rigor in a conducting a naturalistic study. It is the point in which information collected is sufficient in understanding the phenomenon under study. When information that is coming in is no longer providing new findings, a signal that has been met.

Answer 19

saturation

Question 20

—- is when investigators leave a path of their thinking and coding decisions so that other people can review their course of logic and decision-making.

Answer 20

Audit trail

Question 21

Which of the following is a principle that action research is based on?

Answer 21

Libertation, democracy, equity (all of the above)

Question 22

—- studies are able to measure the frequency of several factors and ultimately the size of a problem though case reports, case-series, qualitative studies and surverys.

Answer 22

Descriptive studies

Question 23

In —– studies, the researcher measures treatment exposures on group and they can include control, cohort and population studies.

Answer 23

analytic observational

Question 24

Strengths of cohort studies include all of the following EXCEPT

Answer 24

quick to yield results

Question 25

The best type of study to use when looking at the effects of exposure to something in particular over time would be

Answer 25

a cohort study

Question 26

An ----- study is one in which treatments are admninisted to participants for the purposes of the study and their effects are assessed whereas a --- study is on in which participants' traits are measured, attempting to change them

Answer 26

experimental, non-experimental

Question 27

Which of the following is not true of confidence intervals?

Answer 27

the wider the confidence interval, the greater the precision of the results and vice versa

Question 28

The following are advantages of a crossover design study EXCEPT

Answer 28

all subjects receive treatment, blinding is maintained, statistical test assuming randomization can be used (can establish timing and directionality of events)

Question 29

The cornerstone of ---- ---- trials is appointment of participants of variables entirely by the play of chance.

Answer 29

Randomized controlled

Question 30

In qualitative studies --- samples are selected based on the judgment of the researchers regarding the types of individuals they consider to be especially good sources of data for a particular research topic

Answer 30

purposive

Question 31

The purpose of a heuristic design strategy is

Answer 31

to reveal personal and lived experience

Question 32

Which best descibres the ethical decision-making model of consequentialism?

Answer 32

the outcome or consequences of action form the basis of a value judgement

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a primary responsibility of the data & safety monitoring board (DSMB)?

Answer 33

defer oversight for safety procedures to the IRB the only board responsible for this

Question 34

A research study involving collected existing data such as a chart review requires a ----- IRB review status, whereas a study involving people addicted to substances or people in prison would require a ---- IRB review/status.

Answer 34

exempt, full

Question 35

In reference to study approval and monitoring, which statement is correct?

Answer 35

An investigator cannot begin a study until final approval is obtained

Question 36

The following are the three basic ethical considerations for involving persons in research EXCEPT

Answer 36

pay participants money for taking part in the study

Question 37

All of the following are examples of procedures researchers take to follow the confidentiality of HIPAA except

Answer 37

contacting an individual about a study who has not given prior permission for such contact to be made

Question 38

regarding full disclosure, the investigator must clearly share with the informant, subject or research participant

Answer 38

(all of the above) types of content of interviews, length of time of participation, scope & nature of person's involvement

Question 39

Confidentiality is required in research involving human subjects to ensure there is no way information can be linked back to the person's identity. it is especially important during which of the following topics?

Answer 39

(all of the above) teenage pregnancy, Aids, mental health issues

Question 40

Which of the following is not a "vulnerable population" according to the IRB?

Answer 40

people with arthritis

Question 41

In what kinds of study scenarios might you NOT collect written consent?

Answer 41

In a survery AND telephone survey