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PHYSIO LEC > RESISTANCE OF THE BODY TO INFECTION: I > Flashcards

RESISTANCE OF THE BODY TO INFECTION: I Flashcards

1
Q

Mobile units of the body’s protective system

A

Leukocytes

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2
Q

Leukocytes are formed partially in the

A

Bone marrow
Lymph tissue

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3
Q

Types of White Blood Cells

A
  1. Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear)
  2. Eosinophils (polymorphonuclear)
  3. Basophils (polymorphonuclear)
  4. Monocytes
  5. Lymphocytes
  6. Plasma Cells
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4
Q

fragments of another type of cell similar to the WBCs found in the bone marrow, the megakaryocyte

A

platelets

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5
Q

types of granulocytes

A
  1. Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear)
  2. Eosinophils (polymorphonuclear)
  3. Basophils (polymorphonuclear)
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6
Q

Granulocytes and monocytes protect the body against invading organisms by:

A

Phagocytosis

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7
Q

function to activate the blood clotting mechanism

A

Platelets

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8
Q

An adult human has about ___ WBCs per microliter of blood.

A

7000

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9
Q

Two major lineages of WBCs:

A
  • Myelocytic Lineage
  • Lymphocytic Lineage
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10
Q

Myelocytic Lineage begin with ___

A

myeloblast

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11
Q

Lymphocytic Lineage begin with ____.

A

lymphoblast

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12
Q

Granulocytes and monocytes are formed in the ____

A

bone marrow

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13
Q

Lymphocytes and plasma cells are produced mainly in the various ____

A

lymphogenous tissues

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14
Q

Life of the granulocytes after being released from the bone marrow is normally

A

4 to 8 hours circulating in the blood
Another 4 to 5 days in the tissues where they are needed

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15
Q

life span of monocytes

A

10 to 20 hours in the blood

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16
Q

Monocytes, once in the tissues, swell to much larger sizes to become tissue ____

A

macrophages

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17
Q

Platelets are replaced about once every __ days

A

10

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18
Q

Tissue Macrophages begin life as blood ____

A

monocytes

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18
Q

Tissue Macrophages begin life as blood ____

A

monocytes

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19
Q

Neutrophils and monocytes can squeeze through gaps
between endothelial cells of the blood capillaries and
postcapillary venules by ___

A

diapedesis

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20
Q

Both neutrophils and macrophages can move through the tissues by ___ motion

A

ameboid

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21
Q

Many different chemical substances in the tissues cause both neutrophils and macrophages to move toward the source of the chemical. This phenomenon is known as ___

A

chemotaxis

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22
Q

Chemotaxis depends on the ___ of the chemotactic substance

A

concentration gradient

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23
Q

It is a major function of the neutrophils and macrophages

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

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24
Q

Cellular ingestion of the offending agent

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

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24
Q

process whereby a pathogen is
selected for phagocytosis and destruction

A

Opsonization

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25
Q

A single neutrophil can usually phagocytize ___ bacteria before the neutrophil becomes inactivated and dies.

A

3 to 20

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26
Q

They have the ability to engulf much larger particles such as whole RBCs and malarial parasites

A

Macrophages

27
Q

Dumping many digestive enzymes and bactericidal agents into the vesicle — phagocytic vesicle becomes ____

A

digestive vesicle

28
Q

Both neutrophils and macrophages contain an abundance of lysosomes filled with ___

A

proteolytic enzymes

29
Q

digest the thick lipid membranes possessed by some bacteria such as tuberculosis bacillus (in lysosomes of macrophages)

A

lipases

30
Q

Much of the killing effect results from several powerful
oxidizing agents formed by enzymes in the membrane of the phagosome or by a special organelle called the ___

A

peroxisome

31
Q

___ are important because some bacteria have protective coats or other factors that prevent their destruction by digestive enzymes.

A

Bactericidal agents

32
Q

total combination of monocytes, mobile macrophages, fixed tissue macrophages, and a few specialized endothelial cells in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes

A

Reticuloendothelial System

33
Q

Reticuloendothelial system is almost synonymous with the ___ system

A

monocyte-macrophage

34
Q

Tissue Macrophages in Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues

A

Histiocytes

35
Q

They phagocytize particles that become entrapped in the alveoli

A

Alveolar Macrophages

36
Q

macrophages in the liver

A

kupffer cells

37
Q

Sinusoids are lined with tissue macrophages called

A

kupffer cells

37
Q

Spleen is similar to the lymph nodes, except that ____, instead of lymph, flows through the tissue spaces of the spleen

A

blood

38
Q

Inflammation is characterized by:

A
  1. Vasodilation of the local blood vessels
  2. Increased permeability of the capillaries
  3. Clotting of the fluid in the interstitial spaces
  4. Migration of large numbers of granulocytes and
    monocytes into the tissue
  5. Swelling of the tissue cells
39
Q

Tissue products that cause inflammation:

A
  • Histamine
  • Bradykinin
  • Serotonin
  • Prostaglandins
  • Reaction products of the complement system
  • Reaction products of the blood clotting system
  • Lymphokines
40
Q

____ blocks the inflamed area of the tissue
spaces and the lymphatics

A

Fibrinogen clots

41
Q

___invades tissues and release extremely lethal cellular toxins

A

Staphylococci

42
Q

have a far greater tendency to spread through
the body and cause death compared to staphylococci

A

Streptococci

43
Q

Provide First Line of Defense Against Infection

A

Tissue Macrophages

44
Q

macrophages in brain

A

microglia

45
Q

Second Line of Defense

A

Neutrophil Invasion of the Inflamed Area

46
Q

the effect where adhesion molecules react with complementary integrin molecules on the neutrophils, which causes the neutrophils to stick to the capillary and venule walls in an inflamed area.

A

Margination

47
Q

is the entire process of neutrophil
translocation through the capillaries into the
tissues surrounding them

A

Extravasation

48
Q

the specific passage of blood cells
through the intact walls of the capillaries

A

Diapedesis

49
Q

Acute Increase in the Number of Neutrophils in Blood

A

Neutrophilia

50
Q

Third Line of Defense

A

Second Macrophage Invasion into the Inflamed Tissue

51
Q

Fourth Line of Defense

A

Increased Production of Granulocytes and Monocytes by Bone Marrow

52
Q

Increased production of granulocyte and monocytes by the bone marrow is mainly the three colony-stimulating factors

A

GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF.

53
Q

The following play a dominant role in controlling the macrophage response to inflammation:

A

TNF
IL-1
GM-CSF
G-CSF
M-CSF

54
Q

the mixture of necrotic tissue, dead neutrophils, dead
macrophages, and tissue fluid.

A

Pus

55
Q

Are weak phagocytes and exhibits chemotaxis.

A

EOSINOPHILS

56
Q

a parasitic infection found in as many as
one - third of the population of some developing countries in Africa, Asia, and South America.

A

Schistosomiasis

57
Q

Another parasitic disease that causes
eosinophilia. This disease results from invasion of the body’s muscles by the Trichinella parasite (pork worm) after a person eats undercooked infested pork.

A

Trichinosis

58
Q

Similar to the large tissue mast cells and located immediately outside many of the capillaries in the body

A

BASOPHILS

59
Q

a substance that can prevent blood coagulation.

A

Heparin

60
Q

antibody that causes allergic reactions

A

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

61
Q

A clinical condition in which the bone marrow produces very few WBC’s.

A

leukopenia

62
Q

greatly increased numbers of
abnormal WBCs in the circulating blood.

A

leukemia

63
Q

2 general types of leukemia:

A

Lymphocytic leukemias
Myelogenous leukemia

64
Q

begins by cancerous production of young myelogenous cells in the bone marrow and then spreads throughout the body

A

Myelogenous leukemia

65
Q

caused by cancerous
production of lymphoid cells.

A

Lymphocytic leukemias

PHYSIO LEC (7 decks)

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