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physio lec > RESISTANCE OF THE BODY TO INFECTION II: IMMUNITY AND ALLERGY > Flashcards

RESISTANCE OF THE BODY TO INFECTION II: IMMUNITY AND ALLERGY Flashcards

1
Q

The ability of the human body to resist almost all types of organisms

A

Immunity

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2
Q

A mucolytic polysaccharide that attacks bacteria and causes them to dissolute

A

Lysozyme

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3
Q

React with and inactivate certain types of gram-positive bacteria

A

Basic polypeptides

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4
Q

A system of about 20 proteins that can be activated in various ways to destroy bacteria

A

Complement complex

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5
Q

Can recognize and destroy foreign cells, tumor cells, and even some infected cells

A

Natural killer lymphocytes

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6
Q

The ability of the body to develop extremely powerful specific immunity against individual invading agents

A

Acquired/adaptive immunity

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7
Q

Cause by a special immune system that forms antibodies and or activated lymphocytes that attack and destroy specific invading organism or toxin

A

Adaptive immunity

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8
Q

Types of acquired immunity

A
  1. Humoral/B-cell immunity
  2. Cell-mediated/T cell immunity
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9
Q

Proteins or large polysaccharides that initiate the acquired immunity

A

Antigens

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10
Q

The process of antigenicity usually depends on regularly recurring molecular groups called

A

Epitopes

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11
Q

They are responsible for acquired immunity

A

Lymphocytes

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12
Q

Promote cell-mediated and humoral immunity

A

T and B lymphocytes

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13
Q

Both T and B lymphocytes are derived originally in the embryo from ___ that form common lymphoid progenitor cells

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

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14
Q

T lymphocytes first migrate to and are preprocessed in the ___

A

thymus gland

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15
Q

They are responsible for cell-mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes

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16
Q

B lymphocytes are destined to form __

A

Antibodies

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17
Q

B lymphocytes are preprocessed in the ___ during mid-fetal life and in the ___ in late fetal life and after birth

A

Liver
Bone marrow

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18
Q

These lymphocytes are called B lymphocytes to designate the role of the __

A

Bursa

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19
Q

All lymphocytes in the body originate from

A

Lymphocyte-committed stem cells

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20
Q

These stem cells are incapable of forming activated T lymphocytes or antibodies directly

A

Lymphocye committed stem cells

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21
Q

B lymphocytes actively secrete __ that are reactive agents

A

Antibodies

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22
Q

All the different lymphocytes that are capable to forming one specific antibody ot T cell are called

A

Clone of lymphocytes

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23
Q

Macrophages secrete a special activating substance called ___ that promotes still further growth and reproduction of the specific lymphocytes

A

Interleukin-1

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24
Q

T-helper cells secrete specific substances called ___ that activate the specific B lymphocytes

A

Lymphokines

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25
Q

The B lymphocytes specific for the antigen immediately enlarge and take on the appearance of ___

A

Lymphoblasts

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26
Q

Precursors of plasma cells

A

Plasmablasts

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27
Q

Antibodies are gamma globulins called

A

Immunoglobulins (Igs)

28
Q

All the immunoglobulins are composed of combinations of __ and ___

A

Light and heavy polypeptide chains

29
Q

This is the portion of the igG antibody that attaches specifically to a particular type of antigen

A

Variable portion

30
Q

Portion of the antibody that determines its biological properties

A

Constant portion

31
Q

A measure of how tightly the antibody binds with the antigen

A

Affinity constant

32
Q

5 general classes of antibodies

A

IgM
IgG
IgA
IgD
IgE

33
Q

A bivalent antibody and constitutes about 75% of the antibodies of the normal person

A

IgG

34
Q

Involved in allergies

A

IgE

35
Q

Antibodies act mainly in 2 ways to protect the body against invading agents

A
  1. Direct attack on the invader
  2. Activation of the complement system
36
Q

The antibodies can inactivate the invading agent in several ways:

A
  1. Agglutination
  2. Precipitation
  3. Neutralization
  4. Lysis
37
Q

When multiple large particles with antigens on their surfaces are bound together into a clump

A

Agglutination

38
Q

When the molecular complex of soluble antigen and antibody becomes so large that it is rendered insoluble and precipitates

A

Precipitation

39
Q

When antibodies cover the toxic sited of antigenic agent

A

Neutralization

40
Q

When some potent antibodies are occasionally capable of directly attacking membranes of cellular agents and thereby cause rupture of the agent

A

Lysis

41
Q

Main function of the complement system

A

To enhance the actions of antibodies and phagocytic cells in neutraluzing and destroying pathogens

Removing damaged cells from the body

Promoting inflammation

42
Q

A collective term that describes a system of about 20 proteins, many of which are enzyme precursors

A

Complement

43
Q

The enzyme precursors are normally inactive but can be activated by the so called __

A

Classical pathway

44
Q

T lymphocytes respond to antigens only when they are bound to specific molecules called ___ on the surface of ___ in the lymphoid tissues.

A

MHC proteins

Antigen-presenting cells

45
Q

3 major types of antigen-presenting cells

A

Macrophages
B lymphocytes
Dendritic cells

46
Q

The most potent of the antigen-presenting cells, their main function is to present antigens to T cells

A

Dendritic cells

47
Q

The MHC proteins are encoded by a large group of genes called

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

48
Q

2 types of MHC proteins

A

MHC I
MHC II

49
Q

MHC proteins which present antigens to cytotoxic T cells

A

MHC I

50
Q

MHC proteins which present antigens to T helper cells

A

MHC II

51
Q

Types of T cells

A

T-helper cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Regulatory T cells

52
Q

The most numerous of the T cells

A

T helper cells

53
Q

T helper cells produce ___, that act on other cells of the immune system as well as on bone marrow cells

A

Lymphokines

54
Q

This lymphokine has an especially strong stimulatory effrct in causing growth and proliferation of cytotoxic and regulatory t cell

A

Interleukin-2

55
Q

B-cell stimulating factors

A

Interleukin 4, 5, 6

56
Q

A direct attack cell that is capable of killing microorganisms

A

Cytotoxic T cell

57
Q

Capable of suppressing the functions pf both cytotoxic and T helper cells

A

Regulatory T cells

58
Q

The ability of the immune system to attack a person’s own body tissues

A

Immune tolerance

59
Q

The body becomes immunized against tissues in the joints and heart after exposure to a specific type of streptococcal toxin that has an epitope in its molecular structure similar to the structure of some of the body’s own self antigens

A

Rheumatic fever

60
Q

The person becomes immunized against the basement membranes of glomeruli

A

Glomerulonephritis

61
Q

Immunity develops against the acetylcholine receptor proteins of the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis

A

Myasthenia gravis

62
Q

The immune system attacks the myelin that covers nerve fibers

A

Multiple sclerosis

63
Q

The personbexomes immunized against many different body tissues at the same time

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus

64
Q

A widespread allergic reaction

A

Anaphylaxis

65
Q

Localized anaphylactoid reactions

A

Urticaria

66
Q

In ___, the allergaen-reagin reaction occurs in the nose

A

Hay fever

67
Q

Often occurs in hypersensitive allergic person

A

Asthma

physio lec (7 decks)

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