resource management- paper 2 Flashcards

Question

# UK- overview of WATER why is demand for water in the uk increasing? | 3 reasons + include a fact

Answer 1

1. population increase 2. increased household use - *household use has increased by 70% since 1985* 3. increased population density- younger people in cities (industry and children)

Answer 2

1. microplastics- domestic household products e.g. exfoliator 2. sewage- water companies pumping sewage into rivers 3. fertilisers and pesticides on farms 4. oil spills 5. industry- chemicals washed into rivers

Answer 3

infectious diseases that can be caught by fish, humans and animals

Answer 4

important parts of the ecosystem

Answer 5

by eating shellfish or fish that have absorbed the toxins

Answer 6

more nutrients in the water

Answer 7

algae will grow on the surface which reduces photosynthesis for plants under the water this is called **eutrophication**

Answer 8

fishermen and tourist workers who rely on clean waters

Answer 9

1. building better treatement plants and investing in new infrastructure 2. green roofs and walls 3. legislation

Answer 10

advantages: better sewage infrastructure and water mains can prevent spills and accidents disadvantages: however it can lead to higher water and sewage bills to pay for the investment which is a problem due to the cost of living crisis

Answer 11

pros: in cities new buildings often have green roofs which naturally filter out pollutants in rain water offers excellent sustainable water management reducing the risk of flooding by reducing run off from the roof combat climate change as acts as a carbon sink cons: more expensive than a regular roof requires more maintenance heavier- may require retro fitting to cope with the extra load

Answer 12

pros: strict laws in the UK ensure that factories and farms are limited to the amount and the type of discharge that they put in rivers water companies have strict rules and penalties too --> this reduces the risk of rivers becoming polluted cons: has to be enforced so regular checks are needed fines- may not deter if changes are more expensive

Answer 13

defecit--> south east and east coast and midlands surplus --> northwest and west coast why? lots of weather over the atlantic is stopped by mountains

Answer 14

Mid Wales in the Elan valley to Birmingham

Answer 15

* areas surrounding the elan valley had a surplus of rainfall * valley is steep which makes the dam easier to build * impermeable rock means the water won't leak away * area is higher than birmingham so water can flow using gravity rather than pumps

Answer 16

pros: resevoirs can be used for watersports provides water security for population can be used for HEP cons: dams are expensive- £6 mill large areas of land flooded people relocated habitats damaged affects fish migration

Answer 17

in 1970 coal was the main source used to generate electricity supplying over 60%. By 2010 gas had become the no.1 source used to generate electricity

Answer 18

describe: mostly coal and oil used, making up about half of the mix each. a bit of nuclear energy and natural gas used why?? the uk had many coal mines cheap not discovered the North Sea gas yet technology for renewables didnt exist or was VERY expensive climate change not on agenda

Answer 19

describe: **larger energy mix** as not reliant one one source, about 80% fossil fuels and largely natural gas. far less coal why?? coal ran out- coal mines closed coal doesnt burn cleanly- particulate matter- *gas is 50% cleaner than coal* discovered north sea gas new tech and cheaper more climate aware

Answer 20

the process of extracting natural gas from shale rock layers deep within the earth so: creating fractures in rocks and rock formations by injecting specialized fluid into cracks to force them to open further

Answer 21

* electricity can be generated at half of the CO2 emissions of coal, and much more cheaply than other renewable resources. However renewables have no/ very little CO2 emissions * could largely contribute to the UK's future energy needs--> Caudrilla claimed that *10% of gas from shale deposits in Lancanshire could supply years worth of the UK's current gas demand* * creates much needed employment, however only short term as it is a finite resource

Answer 22

* injection of fluid at high temperatures causes earth tremors. *120 tremors recorded while drilling at a site in Blackpoole* , however considered minor as they were barely felt * allowing fracking could distract energy firms and governements from investing in renewable energy

Answer 23

there is no general pattern as the areas are fairly evenly distributed across the UK. Many of the areas are coastal apart from Telford and Nottingham

Answer 24

it encourages cheap energy so factories and industries open up therefore providing jobs for locals.

Answer 25

challenges: -much of the remaining coal is in hard-to-access areas, often deep underground such as the North Sea, which is expensive to mine. also often in sensitive areas like Dorset, or populated areas like Sussex -miners often suffer from diseases related to their jobs and emissions from fossil fuels which can cause respiratory issues, incurring a cost to health services -costs of climate change, for example increased flooding requiring flood defences

Answer 26

- creation of jobs directly, in the manufacture of equipment and in support industry. money and jobs to an area = multiplier effect - provides lower energy costs to consumers

Answer 27

- burning fossil fuels creates green house gases which contribute to climate change - open cast mines are unsightly, can create dust and noise, and uses large amounts of land so disturbs local wildlife and people

Answer 28

- enormous costs to store and transport nuclear waste and very expensive to decomission power stations - huge costs of building nuclear power stations

Answer 29

- creates jobs in research and development for new technology in the nuclear power industry - after initial investement, energy generated by nuclear power is seen to be cheaper

Answer 30

- nuclear accidents can lead to release of radiation in atmosphere which can have long, detrimental impacts on wildlife and people - the waste from nuclear power stations must be stored safely for many years to avoid contamination

Answer 31

nuclear power is seen to be cleaner and less polluting than energy generated by fossil fuels

Answer 32

- high set up costs such as wind turbines and solar farms and tidal power stations, especially in remote areas which are ideal for this type of energy generation - the impact on the visual environment can affect tourism, reducing income and jobs

Answer 33

many jobs are created in the manufacture of solar panels and wind turbines along with jobs in research and development

Answer 34

* wind turbines can effect bird migration patterns and bat life in the area. turbines located at sea have an impact on sea currents and on fish and bird life * wind turbines and the associated access roads can impact untouched areas like the scottish highlands

Answer 35

- produces much lower carbon emissions - offshore wind turbines can act as an artificial reef, creating habitats for marine wildlife - land used for sitting wind turbines can also support other uses like farming and leisure

Answer 36

for any type of transportation human well-being like hospitals, schools, heating, cooking industry

Answer 37

energy security means having a **reliable**, **uninterrupted** and **affordable** supply of energy available. factors that determine supply are access to ff reserves, wealth to import and advanced technologies

Answer 38

HICs like europe and north america

Answer 39

africa- central and southern areas of south east asia

Answer 40

how much energy a country uses

Answer 41

this is because as wealth increases so does energy demand, people have access to more technology that uses energy and car ownership increases increasing energy consumption, on top of this more people are likely to fly on a regular basis and this uses a lot of energy

Answer 42

this is because NEE's are countries with growing industry sectors with lots of factories which require lots of energy to run. they are also developing countries so their supply will become increasingly more available as energy infrastructure improves

Answer 43

this is because they are mainly working in the primary sector, like subsistence farming which does not require energy as it is mostly done by animal or hand

Answer 44

1. **population increase** - there are more people using energy, *predicted to be 10bn people on earth by 2050* 2. **economic wealth increases** - people are richer so can afford to use more energy, e.g. dishwashers, cars, plane travel 3. **new techonology** - creation of more electric products available to use however, technological advancements can lead to the creation of more energy efficient applainces like automatic motion light bulbs

Answer 45

In NEE's and LIC's as growing population wealth leads to more people using tech, and there is an increasing population in HIC's generally the population is already wealthy and in some HIC's people are becoming more environmentally aware so are reducing their energy consumption

Answer 46

countries with **geographical luck** and a **large landmass** are more likely to have larger energy production. *for example, Russia is very large and has 60% of the worlds natural gas reserves along with Qatar and Iran* countries also need to be wealthy enough to extract the fossil fuels out of the ground

Answer 47

1. physical 2. economic 3. political 4. technological

Answer 48

- there is an uneven distribution of fossil fuels --> it depends on geographical luck and landmass - harsh climate or mountaneous terrain may make it difficult to access resources - some countries have better renewable energy potential than others. *for example, geothermal heating meets the heating and hot water requirements for 87% of buildings in Iceland* - liklihood of natural disasters that could damage infrastructure for energy

Answer 49

- non renewable energy sources are left becoming increasingly difficult to reach so they are more costly to extract - prices of fossil fuels are volatile- they can very depending on commplex economic and political factors - cost of building new energy infrastructure (like wind farms) can be very high - some LIC's have potential energy sources but cannot afford to exploit them

Answer 50

- wars and political instability in countries with large energy reserves affect their ability to export their resources --> *e.g. during Gulf War 1990 exports of oil from Middle East decreased* - public are concerned over the safety of nuclear power and nuclear waste disposal - climate change - international agreements - some countries have to reduce ff use - NIMBYism

Answer 51

- new technology has allowed us to access new sources of energy - some countries are not able to exploit their energy as technology required is unavailable or too expensive --> *e.g. Niger has large uranium reserves but not the technology to develop nuclear power plants*

Answer 52

context: the US are considering exploring an area called the ANWR in Alaska as previously relied on energy from Prudhoe but now it is running out pros: - only considering exploring 8% of the ANWR - no longer importing oil to US, so saves money as it is cheaper than the other imports cons: - environmental- potential for oil spills which is particularly bad as it is an *environmentally sensitive area with over 200 species* - major decline in caribou as their migration patterns are disturbed by pipelines - denning polar bears (polar bears in dens) are sensitive to industrial activity so leave their dens and abandon their cubs leaving to a decline in population numbers

Answer 53

pros: - low GHG emissions - increased renewable energy supply so less people use fossil fuels cons: - set up costs are very high, however this is a short term cost and the running prices are often low - takes up space and unaesthetically pleasing - dependant on climate

Answer 54

pros: - increased costs mean people will use less energy which is more environmentally friendly cons: - country becomes vulnerable to fluctuating prices and over priced energy through imports - money may be spent extracting fossil fuels from an environmentally sensitive area which is very expensive - less energy and high demand means energy prices are higher - if costs for household energy increases, people may not be able to afford heating and cooking bills leading to poor health *fuel poverty is when energy takes up more than 10% of household income*

Answer 55

pros: - reduces energy insecurity cons: - less food production due to biofuel production means food prices rise - local farmers struggle as their land is used for biofuel - poorer people can now not afford the rising food prices or the rising energy prices leading to malnourishment, poor health and poverty

Answer 56

1. exploration of environmentally sensitive areas 2. increased use of renewables 3. increased economic costs 4. decreased food production 5. reduction in industrial output 6. potential for conflict

Answer 57

pros: - people become less consumeristic as prices for items and clothing increases due to less production, so people look to second hand alternatives which is more eco freindly cons: - loss of jobs as factories close down - reduces countrys GDP as factories close down - energy is more expensive so prices of goods increase

Answer 58

con: - higher energy prices, e.g. UK and China has unfair competition as China is able to produce goods and sells goods more cheaply as the UK but spends the same price on energy pro: - countries can end up compromising, e.g Egypt and Ethiopia share the river Nile and use it for HEP (dam and resevoir) energy

Answer 59

1. biomass 2. wind 3. solar 4. HEP (hydro-electric power) 5. tidal 6. wave 7. geothermal

Answer 60

energy generated from burning biofuels such as biodeisel made from crops and methane captured from the decomposition of rubbish in landfill sites pros: - cheap to produce - utilises waste - helps tropical countrys like Brazil to generate their own energy - carbon neutral, plants absorb CO2 as they grow - biodeisel can replace oil deisel for transport

Answer 61

electricity generated by the power of wind turning a turbine pros: - doesnt produce GHG's - can be offshore so doesnt take up valuable space on land - renewable- wont run out cons: - tourist industry claims that it will ruin the tourists view and their business, this creates social tension/conflict

Answer 62

electricity generated by the power of the sun pros: - benefits countrys along the tropics (many LIC's) - wont run out - doesnt release GHG's - once set up, cheap to run - jobs created through developing new technology cons: - takes up space - unattractive - NIMBYism - expensive to install

Answer 63

Electricity generated by the downward movement of water turning a turbine through the use of dams and reseviors pros: - doesnt release GHG's - after initial set up, produces cheap energy - resevoirs can create tourism opportunities and leisure opportunities like watersport youth clubs cons: - resevoirs behind dams take up space, can displace people and ruin habitats, this can lead to social tension and conflict - in tropical countries stagnant water attracts mosquitos increasing malaria - impacts fish migration

Answer 64

converts the energy from tides into electricity pros: -reliable source of renewable energy because globally tides happen twice a day cons: - only possible for countries with a coastline - large environmental impacts

Answer 65

generating electricity from the motion of passing waves pros: - doesnt release GHG - offshore so doesn't take up valuable space on land cons: - only possible for countries with a coastline

Answer 66

thermal energy that is tapped by drilling holes deep into the earths crust pros: - cost effective - reliable - environmentally friendly- sustainable cons: - limitied to volcanic/geothermal areas like Iceland - unable to power transport

Answer 67

decomposed fossilised animals like plankton create natural gas *84% global energy from FF's* pros: - cheap to turn into energy - produce large amounts of energy and are reliable - they are known technologies so we already have the infrastructure to put in place to use them - easily stored and transported when we need them cons: - can be a scarce and expensive form of energy - non renewable as formed over millions of years - emits CO2 which contributes to the GHG effect - releases particulate matter which can lead to respiratory problems - depends on geographical luck

Answer 68

uranium is used in nuclear fission which is used to create steam which drives electric turbines pros: - doesnt require a large amount of natural resources - doesnt produce CO2 - creates jobs in research and development cons: - radioactive waste has to be stored for thousands of years - nuclear disasters are very serious- people displaced, birth problems, long term cancer, kills habitats - very expensive to decomission

Answer 69

1. using fossil fuels **effectively** 2. **developing** renewable energy 3. consuming less by being **more efficient** or **conserving energy** 4. causing **less damage** to the environment 5. being **affordable to all (HIC's and LIC's)**

Answer 70

1. use more sustainable transport - less energy is used as less cars are used and buses are more energy effiecient so less CO2 is emitted 2. reduce consumerism- buy clothes and items that are second hand or sustainably produced so less industry so less CO2 is emitted 3. get an energy meter- understand usage and become more aware so use less so less CO2 is emitted 4. switch of applainces when not in use so less energy used so less CO2 emitted 5. buy locally- reduce air miles so less energy is used so less CO2 is emitted

Answer 71

carbon emissions are a measure of the amount of greenhouse gases that in individual produces. they include direct emissions (travelling by car, using electrical applainces) and indirect emissions (production of clothes or transport of food)

Answer 72

1. design houses that are well insulated- less energy used to heat house so using less ffs. *by insulating your home you can reduce the amount of energy you use by 10%* 2. turn off the lights when leaving a room- energy is conserved so reduces energy demand so less energy used 3. reduce water consumption- less energy used for heating water so energy is conserved so demand is reduced so less energy produced

Answer 73

1. businesses can invest in renewable energies, *e.g the wind farm at the Nissan car plant in Sunderland* 2. bussiness can look into energy conservation in their buildings like having motion light sensors so they automatically turn off and computer screens that automatically turn off

Answer 74

1. electric vehicles do not have to burn ffs. they can run by using renewable energy to create electricity 2. investing in public transport so that it is more frequent and goes to places so more people use it and are moved using less energy (like bus systems in Curitiba, London, and Lagos)

Answer 75

1. congestion charges- encourage people to leave their cars at home so less ffs used 2. fitting smart meters show people amount of energy they use and its costs tending to lead to reduced energy usage

Answer 76

CHP (combined heat and power) is the use of a power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time. uses the same traditional burning of ffs but waste heat produced in the process is then used to heat water for the use in housing projects or large public buildings like hospitals. *this leads to a potential efficiency of 80%*

Answer 77

A case study of a local renewable energy scheme in an LIC: Nepal and its Micro-hydro plants

Answer 78

the present demand for electricity is small, but the demand is growing as the country develops wood has been a traditional source of energy however this has led to deforestation the current electric grid system has large power cuts- *lasting an average of 10 hours per day*

Answer 79

Nepal has no significant deposits of coil, oil or gas Nepal is landlocked and mountainous so importing ffs is difficult

Answer 80

water is diverted from a river through a settling basin to remove damaging sediment then water is channeled to a forebay tank then water falls to a turbine which provides electricity for locals this is called a run-off-river method, similar to HEP but using the natural flow of a river

Answer 81

low cost and suits mountainous terrain

Answer 82

direct: - doesnt cause flooding that HEP schemes cause - provides low-cost reliable energy for rural and remote areas so meets energy needs - provides jobs for locals in production and maintenance - poorer rural communities can have clean renewable energy indirect: - attracts industries to the area leading to economic development --- *Darbang now has several new industries including metal and furniture workshops and a noodle factory since micro hydro plant in 2009*

resource management- paper 2 Flashcards

(106 cards)