resource reliance Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
What is the Global Hunger Index?
A
a development indicator that shows how many people suffer form hunger/illness caused by lack of food
gives a value for each country from 0-100 none - etreme hunger
countries are thus split into categories
2
Q
what is a weakness with the global hunger index
A
- it doesnt show variations within a country as even in a country ith a high calorie intake AND a low score on the GHI, there will still be people with limited access to food
3
Q
define food security
A
the state in whihc all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life (as per the UN Food and Agriculture Association
4
Q
who was malthus
A
18th century economist
5
Q
what did malthus theory state?
A
the pop would grow faster than food supply so eventually there would be too many people for the food supply available
so.. people would be killed by catastrophes such as famines and illness and wars until the pop returned to a level that could be supplied by food available
6
Q
who was boserup
A
20th century economist
7
Q
what did boserups theory state?
A
no matter how big the pop grew, people would always produce sufficient food to meet their needs
if suupplies became limited, people would come up with new ways to increase production to avoid hungger
8
Q
what was the green reovlution in india
which theory does this example support
A
where population pressure led to the development of high yield crop varietes and improved farming techniques, significantly boosting food prroduction.
boserups - necessity drives agricultural progress
9
Q
what was Ethiopia during the 1980s famine?
which theory does it support
A
rapid pop growth and limited food production led to widespread hunger and death where more than 1 million people died.
malthus - population outstrips food supply
10
Q
what are the three small-scale food production methods
A
permaculture
urban gardens
allotments
11
Q
what is permaculture?
A
sustainable famring method that works with nature rather than against it.
it involves designing agricultural systems that mimic natural ecosystems
12
Q
what does permaculture use?
A
- crop rotation
- composting
-natural pest control - polyculture
13
Q
how successful is permaculture for small scale food production
A
- improves soil health and bio diveristy
- reduces need for chemicals - lowers costs
- increases resilience to climate change ( by using drought-resistant tehcniques)
- can feed families or small communities sustainably
14
Q
give one example where permaculture is used
A
Machu Picchu in Peru
- traditional terracing - a form of permaculture - still supports local farmers today - this method can last centurties
15
Q
what are urban gardens?
A
small-scale food growing spaces in towns and cities - including rooftop gardens, vertical farms and community gardens.
they reuse urban spaces to grow fruit, vegetables and herbs close to where people live
16
Q
give the positives of urban gardens
A
- reduce food miles, making food much more sustainable
- improve food security in low-income urban areas
- encourage community involvement and education
- make good use of unused or derelict urban land
-help tackle urban air pollution and urban heat through green spaces
17
Q
what does derelict mean
A
- no longer in use (often overgrown or polluted or crumbling)
18
Q
give an example of urban gardens
A
detroit, USA
1,400 urban faarms and gardens have been created on abandoned lots
- provide fresh food in a city where many supermarkets closed - helping tackle urban air”food deserts” and giving residents control over their food supply
19
Q
what are allotments?
A
small plots of land rented by individuals - often from the locaal countil - to grow their own food - mainly fruit and veg
- usually found in urban areas and give people space to grow crops when they dont have gardens
20
Q
how successful are allotments as small scale food prod,
A
- provide fresh, healthy food in cities
- help ppl save money on groceries
- promote sustainable, local food growing
- encourage exercise, wellbeing and community bonding
- reduce rekkiance on supermarkets and long food supply chains
21
Q
give an example of allotments
A
bristol UK
council supports over 4000 allotment plots
- provide food
- help reduce the city’s carbon footpring
- improve residents’ quality of life - especially during the cost of living crisis and after COVID-19
22
Q
what are the ways to increase food production.
A
GIHO
Genetic Modification
Intensive Farming
Hydroponics
Organic Farming
23
Q
GM crops allow ____ food to be grown in ______ areas with ____ resources
A
more
smaller
less
24
Q
Gm crops cna be designed to ________________________
A
have higher yields, resistance to drought, disease and can have hugher nutrional values
25
give an example of GM
golden rice
- developed to tackle vitamin A deficiency in dev countries
- modified to contain beta-carotene, which the human body converts into vitamin A
- important for good viison, a sstrong immune system and healthy skin and growth
(introcued e.g. in Philippines in 2021 - a targetted long-term solution to malnutrition
26
what are negatives of GM
- smaller gene pool, decreases biodiversity so less variety of plants
- when they r interbred ith wild plants that pass on the genes and disrupt the ecosystem
27
in intensive farming, what is used in large quantitiees?
why?
fertilisers and pesticides
to maximise crop yields
28
food with _____ _______ and _____ ________ may be given to animals in intensive famrming to __________ annd ________________.
added antibiotics
growth hormones
prevent disease
encourage growth
29
whats the average person need to consume? (calroies)
2000-2500 calories per day
30
what is required to gennerate electricity?
what does this take up and lead to?
mining and growing biofuels
this takes up valuable farmland, reducing the amount of food available to eat
31
electricity is a ______ energy
secondary
32
what does irrigation do>
enable crops to grow (unnatural watering of crops)
33
water makes up ___ of a persons body
2/3
34
eahc person should drink a minimu, of ____ litres of water a day
1.6 litres
35
aside from drinking, water is also used to keep people ___ and _____, but is also used to _______ and _______.
healthy
clean
grow food
in industry
36
wealtheri countries _____ food
import
37
wealtheir countries ________ farmiing to ___________.
subsidise
make food more affordable
hence making a food surplus
38
water supply is dependant on ________, _______ and _________.
rainfall
temperature
population
39
lots of rainfall can be good as it increases the supply - however......
too much rainfall can lead to flooding
40
higher temperatures causes _________ which means there is_________.
evaporation
less to use
41
higher population use _____ water, so there is ______ avaiilable to share around
more
less
42
around _______ of the global population experiences water inseucirty
this is because:
80%
water supply and consumption is not evenly distributed
43
in the Uk water is trasported from areas of surplus to areas of deficit through _____ which can use ____ and _____ to move water
water transfer schemes
canals
pipes
44
what are disadvantages to water transfer schemes?
- damage to ecosystems
- pressure on local ecosystems
- lots of energy used to pump the water long distances
- often involve building dams and reservoirs
45
the global footprint network estimates that the world cuiirrently needs ____ earths to satisfy the demand for natural resources.
this figure could rise to __ planets by 2030
1.6
2
46
if everyone lived the lifestyle of american citizens, __ plantes would be needed
5
47
what are the env impacts of meeting natural resources demands
- intensive agriculuts uses a lot of chemicals that can build up in soils and run off into water systems
- increased mech in farminf causes removal of hedgerowws to enlarge fields
- overfishing disturbs marine exosystems
- clearing rainforests to create new farmland cna causes removal soil erosion and desrtifitcation
- globalisation of food raises atmsophereic carbon dioxide levels due to increased sitances fo food transport
- rraindofrests are destroyed to provide fuel supplies
- mining for fossil fuels leaves an indelible environmental scar
- wateer transfer systems create large reservoirs whuchc flood vastr areas of countryside
- weland habitats are drained to provide new farmland
- farm practices such as over-grazing and monoculture can lead to soil erosion
48
what is the staple food for sub-saharan african countries?
corn, wheat and rice
low calorie consumption
49
European and North Amereican countries consume more calories than other nations - many eat more ____________, such as ____,____ and ____.
animal products
milk
meat eggs
50
the GHI is caluclated by whom?
IFPRI
International Food Policy Research Institute
51
what 3 things are used to caluclte the GHI?
- undernourishment (% of ppl consumming too few claories)
- % of underwieght childrenn (under 5)
-child mortality (death rate of chidlrne below 5)
52
GHI is used to _______
target security needs
53
what are the physical influences on food supply - 3 cwp(+d)
climate
- too cold/too little rainfall -> cant grow
- extreme weather affects food supply
water supply
- crops and livestock need water
- less rainfall means less water for irrigation
pests + disease
- decrease yield by consuming crops
such as rats eat stored grains
huge locust swarms eat all vegetation in their path
-- disease cna wipe out entire fields of crops
e.g. 37% of the world's wheat crops are undner threat from wheat rust
54
what are the human influences to food supply - 5 cofpt
poverty
- increased pov, means less people can afford to buy the food and dont have land whhere bthey can grow their own
- also affects farmers agency in choosing how best to grow their plants
- on a global scale, countries also cant afford to import food
tech
- mechanisation of equipment increase ssuply as its more efficient
- new tech (like genetic engineering and uses of artificial selection) can protect plants from diease and increase yields
conflict
overfarming - growing roo much livestock, decreases vegeatationn cover increasing soil erosion
-intensice arable farming can also upsoil nutrients and leave the land infertile
food prices
- ppl can economically access food
55
how does the world food programme classify famine?
- undernousidhment (over 8000 million people in the world r undernourished)
- malnutrition is when people do not eat enough of the right kind of foods to keep them healthy
- wasting - most serious; severe weight loss due to acute malnutrition resulting from starvation
56
whats another way we can increase food security - I...
irrigation
- can double the amount of food prodduced
- some parts of the world still do not have irrigation systems in place
- only 10% of the food produced in Africa comes from irriated crops and so there is potential to improve yields in these countries.
57
what does aeroponics involve?
- suspending plants in the air and spaying their roots with a find mist of water and nutrients
58
what is an example of appropriate tehcnology?
it is using suitable machinery and sustainable techniwues - usually afforable and easy to use - can ijmprove yieleds for many communityies
eg.
- hand -operated nut-shelling machine is ane xample of apporopriate tech
- adds value to prodct when they sell is as theyc an afford to shell thier own dried crops
59
what is an example of a natural fertlisersi
animal manure
60
whats an exmaple of a replacement for chemical pesticides
natural predators
61
what is organic famring
when foods r growing w out using any chemicals
62
what is a negative about organic farming
ppl think its not sustainable as it can lead to a greater use of land area
63
what is ethical consumerism
- purchase of products and services that have been provided in a way that minimises social and environmental damage.
might incllude food and drink goods, travel plans or financial services
64
what are positives of fair trade
- a safe working environment is ensured
- companies must pay a fair price - helps farmers quality of life
- fair trade farmers get a fairtrade premium ( extra money) -> this ns be reinvested in theeir businesses and improvements to local communities
- farmers must use env friendly methods to rpotect biodiversity by limiting ghg and protecting soil health
65
what are negatives to fair trade
- businesses must apply for the fair trade certificate and reapply every couple of years - this cna beecome expensive
- food can be more expensive - unaffordable
66
globally, ____ of the good that is produced is wasted
1/3
67
whata re some schemes that spread aawarenesss about reducing waste
Think.Eat.Save
Love Food Hate Waste
- encourage planning meals and compost waste (as food in landfill sites produce methane ghg)
68
whats another way to reduce waste
- consumers can also choose foods with less packagaing - less resources used so less plastic is going into landfills
69
wwhat r the 3 ethical consummerism options
fairtrade
reducing waste
buying local + seasonal foods
70
1 past attempt to achieve food security
intensive farming
71
give positives for a past attempt at food security
- 1947 Agriculture ACt + Common Agricultural Policy in the 1950s
-> these aimed to achieve self-sufficiency in food production, specifically to combat the struggles after WW2.
- loans and subsidies were given to encourage investment in Agriculture -> more area of arable land being used -> increased use of chemicals, monoculture, mechanisation, breeding and management
- in 1940 the Uk imported 70% of cereal crops. By 1980, this was 20%
- from 1965 to now, meat imports halved
72
what are issues with a past attemopt to achiebe food security
- reduction in landscape ( diversity)
- since 1945, there has been a 65% decline in # of famrs and a 77% delcine in farm labour BUT an almost fourfold increase in yield
- 60% of hedges removed
- monoculture crops are vulnerable to pests, diseases and ddroughts
- in 1976, crop yield decreased by 500,000 tonned due to a drought
- in 2000s priorities shifted; £500m set aside to encourage 'green', organic and sustainable farming -> emphasis shifted to welfare of animals
73
whats one local attempt to achieve food security
west end food bank
74
___% of people in newcastle have used a food bank at least once
8
75
the WE Food Bank feeds ______ people a week, ____ of which are children
700-1000
50%
76
the WE food bank distributes _____ worth of groceries each week
10,000
77
the WE foodbank provides a __ day supply of _________ _____.
3
emergency food
78
what are positives of the WE Food Bank?
- improves health:
-> improves ppls diet by ensuring they dont go hungry and reduce hunger in the short term
- shops and bakeries donate unsold fresh food, reducing waste
- give cooking and budgeting lessons
79
what are the negaties of the WE Food Bank?
- doesnt solve underlying problems of low wages and benefit cuts
- its difficult to store fresh foodk ,so a lot of food ditributed is processed -> worsens fiets by adding a lot fo added salt which causes health problems in the long term
- people may become dependant on it
80
whats one preent attempt at achieving food security
Thanet Earth
81
what are the positives of thanet earth
- greenhouses grow 1 million plants using hydroponics
- aim to increase salad production in the UK
- Increase the UK's salad production by 15% yb allowing for products like tomatoes to be grown all year round. this increases crop yield, so less need to import, cost of goods decreases and increse of econmic food sec and env sustianability
- food grown in unused space
- recycle wwater and natural predators are used to kill pests
- creates jobs _> TEW employs 500 people
- produces of 10% of the Uk's peppers, cucumbers and tomates
82
what are the negatives to thanet earth
- development has been hit by a workforce shortage - led to £320,000 of produce being thrown out in 2022
- schemes can be expensive to set up and run which increases cost of foods
- habitats lost
- require large amounts of energy to power the gh as well as ppackaging and delivering products
