Resp Flashcards
(237 cards)
1
Q
What is the primary function of respiration?
A
Supplying oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
2
Q
What keeps oxygen levels in the blood healthy?
A
Ventilation and healthy lung tissue
3
Q
What controls breathing?
A
Central nervous system
4
Q
Where does nerve stimulation of breathing begin?
A
Medulla oblongata and pons
5
Q
What is pulmonary circulation composed of?
A
Pulmonary arteries, capillaries, veins
6
Q
What carries deoxygenated venous blood from the heart to the lungs?
A
Pulmonary arteries
7
Q
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
A
Pulmonary capillaries
8
Q
Which arteries supply oxygen and nutrients to lung tissue?
A
Bronchial arteries
9
Q
What is the major metabolic function of the lungs and kidneys?
A
Maintain acid-base balance of the blood.
10
Q
What causes respiratory acidosis?
A
Lack of oxygen with hypercapnia.
11
Q
What can hyperventilation cause?
A
Respiratory alkalosis.
12
Q
What is the process called where oxygen is exchanged with carbon dioxide in the lungs?
A
External respiration
13
Q
What do we call the exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells?
A
Internal respiration
14
Q
Where do the inhaled and exhaled air pass through?
A
Respiratory tract
15
Q
What are the saclike cavities at the end of each bronchiole called?
A
Alveoli
16
Q
What is the function of CO2 in the body?
A
Transport waste for exhalation
17
Q
What is the main topic of Chapter 9 in the given text?
A
Diseases and Conditions of the Respiratory System
18
Q
Where does external respiration take place?
A
Alveolus
19
Q
What is the term for the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood vessels?
A
Pulmonary circulation
20
Q
What is the site where gas exchange occurs between blood and tissues?
A
Capillary lumen
21
Q
What carries oxygen in the bloodstream?
A
Red blood cell
22
Q
What structure surrounds the capillaries and helps in the exchange of gases?
A
Capillary endothelium
23
Q
What term refers to the circulation that supplies oxygenated blood to the body?
A
Systemic circulation
24
Q
Which organ is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body?
A
Heart
25
From which source is the Mechanism of respiration referenced in the text?
Bonewit-West: Clinical Procedures for Medical Assistants, ed 9, St. Louis, 2015, Saunders
26
What happens during expiration in the respiratory process?
The diaphragm relaxes, pushing upward and forcing air out of the lungs.
27
Are the processes of chest cavity expansion and diaphragmatic contraction active or passive?
Active, energy-requiring processes.
28
Is exhalation considered an active or a passive process?
Passive.
29
What membrane encases the lungs?
Visceral pleura.
30
What lines the inside of the chest or thoracic cavity?
Parietal pleura.
31
What is the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura called?
Pleural cavity
32
What is the function of pleural fluid in the pleural cavity?
Prevents friction and allows pleurae to slide easily
33
What structures are located in the mediastinum?
Heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes
34
What can result from impairment of alveolar-arterial gas exchange?
Respiratory failure
35
What can cause respiratory failure?
Inability to ventilate, leading to CO2 buildup
36
What are some causes of diseases of the respiratory system?
Infection, circulatory disorders, tumors, trauma, immune diseases, congenital defects
37
What are chief symptoms indicating respiratory tract disorders?
Chest pain, Dyspnea (difficulty in breathing)
38
What is the rule for adding the suffix '-itis' to a medical term?
Suffix added to anatomical location
39
What are common symptoms of a cold?
Nasal congestion, sneezing, sore throat, coughing
40
What can the symptoms of a cold depend on?
Virus responsible
41
What are the initial symptoms when a highly contagious inflammatory process begins?
Clear and thin nasal discharge
42
How long does it usually take for adult symptoms to improve without antibiotics?
5 to 7 days
43
What are the symptoms of a cold if it progresses?
Greenish yellow and thick nasal discharge, headache, slight fever, chills
44
What is a symptom that indicates the need for medical care within 24 hours?
Prolonged or accompanied by fever, chest pain, chest congestion, earache, severe headache, stiff neck, decreased urine, or other complications
45
What is the common cold?
Group of minor illnesses caused by almost 200 different viruses
46
How are cold viruses passed?
From human to human
47
What is a common cause of absenteeism from work and school?
Colds
48
What causes about one half of colds in adults?
Rhinoviruses
49
What type of organisms can also cause colds and are more like bacteria than viruses?
Atypical organisms
50
What can viral infections sometimes be followed by?
Bacterial infections
51
What predisposes someone to the common cold?
General poor health, lack of exercise, poor nutrition
52
How is the diagnosis of the common cold made?
Symptoms described by the patient
53
What tests may be needed to rule out a more serious disease when diagnosing a cold?
Cultures of nasal discharge, sputum, complete blood count (CBC)
54
How long should it take for an ordinary cold to clear up?
4 or 5 days
55
How long should it take for a bacterial infection to resolve?
7 to 10 days
56
What may suggest the presence of another process such as allergies or asthma?
Persistent cough or nasal congestion
57
Is there a cure for a cold?
No
58
What can give temporary relief of symptom?
Rest, fluids, vaporizer, antihistamines, decongestants, cough suppressants, mild analgesics
59
What is contraindicated for infants and children?
Aspirin
60
What is the drug of choice for infants and children?
Acetaminophen
61
What do antihistamines do?
Inhibit histamine
62
What do antihistamines help with?
Dry up nasal secretions, diminish itchy or watery eyes
63
What is a common side effect of antihistamines?
Drowsiness
64
What do decongestants do?
Stimulate adrenergic receptors to induce vasoconstriction
65
How do decongestants reduce mucus formation?
By decreasing nasal tissue swelling
66
What do expectorants help with?
Dissolve mucus and reduce viscosity of secretions
67
What are cough suppressants?
Medications used to treat or lessen cough.
68
What is the efficacy of cough suppressants?
Questionable.
69
Are cough suppressants recommended for children less than 6 years old?
No.
70
Are antibiotics recommended for treating viral infections?
No, little value.
71
Who may receive some protection against bacteria-caused complications by taking antibiotics?
Patients with recurring attacks of bronchitis or frequent middle ear infections.
72
What is the possible benefit of taking zinc lozenges?
May slightly shorten the common cold
73
Who may be more vulnerable to developing frequent colds and complications?
Immunocompromised patients
74
What can be a possible complication of the common cold in immunocompromised patients?
Secondary bacterial infections
75
Are the mechanisms of cold virus transmission always clearly defined?
No
76
What is the mode of transmission for colds?
Airborne respiratory droplets and hand-to-hand contact
77
Why are colds more common in children than adults?
Children can easily transmit new strains to family members
78
What should a patient avoid?
Overuse of drugs
79
When should a patient report symptoms to a healthcare provider?
Shortness of breath, headache, chest pain, fever, dehydration, stiff neck
80
What is another name for inflammation of the mucous membranes?
Sinusitis
81
What are the ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM codes for acute, unspecified sinusitis?
461.9 (ICD-9-CM), J01.90 (ICD-10-CM)
82
What are the ICD-10-CM codes for chronic sinusitis?
J32.0-J32.97
83
What causes sinusitis?
Blocked sinus drainage or ventilation
84
How are the nasal cavity and sinuses connected?
Mucous membranes line both
85
What can predispose someone to sinusitis?
Deviated septum or nasal polyps
86
What are some reasons that may result in sinusitis?
Swimming, diving, tooth extractions, tooth abscess, allergies affecting nasal passages
87
How can sinusitis be diagnosed?
Physical examination, patient history, sinus radiographic studies, CT scanning, endoscopic sinoscopy
88
How do air-filled sinuses appear on a radiographic film?
Dark patches
89
How do fluid-filled sinuses appear on a radiographic film?
White areas
90
What can bedside transillumination suggest?
Presence of sinusitis
91
What treatment options can be used for sinusitis?
Saline nasal spray, corticosteroid nasal sprays, antibiotics, oral corticosteroids, antihistamines, decongestants
92
How do decongestants alleviate symptoms?
Shrinking swollen mucous membranes and drying nasal discharge
93
What do oral and topical corticosteroids do to alleviate symptoms?
Decrease inflammation and sensitivity to stimuli
94
When are oral antibiotics used in this context?
In the presence of bacterial infection
95
What is the next step if inflammation persists in allergic sinusitis despite other treatments?
Sinusotomy
96
What may be done if the infecting organism is resistant to initial antibiotics in sinusitis?
Use other antibiotics
97
How can determination of allergic sinusitis be made?
Allergy testing
98
What should be used to explain the sinus cavities and their function to a patient?
Visual aids
99
Why is it important for a patient to comply with their treatment plan and return for follow-up appointments?
To avoid complications
100
What are the warning signs of complications that patients should be aware of?
Chills, fever, facial edema, severe headache, stiff neck, lethargy, confusion
101
What should a patient be prepared for if undergoing diagnostic testing or surgery?
Explanation of each procedure, what to expect in terms of preparation and care afterward
102
What is pharyngitis?
Inflammation or infection of the pharynx
103
What are often involved in pharyngitis along with inflammation of the pharynx?
Tonsils, uvula, and palate
104
What are common symptoms of pharyngitis?
Sore throat with dryness, burning sensation, lump in the throat
105
What is a common cause of pharyngitis in children?
Streptococcal infection
106
What can occur when an infection spreads to the pharynx and remains?
Chronic pharyngitis
107
What systemic viral infections can cause acute pharyngitis?
Chickenpox, measles
108
What diseases may accompany chronic pharyngitis?
Syphilis, tuberculosis
109
What can result in gonococcal pharyngitis?
Oral-genital sexual activity
110
What are other causes of pharyngitis?
Irritation and inflammation without infection
111
What substances can cause trauma to the mucous membranes of the pharynx?
Tobacco smoke and alcohol
112
How can trauma to the pharynx occur?
Breathing in heated air, chemical irritants, or swallowing sharp objects
113
What is the most common cause of pharyngitis?
Viral infection
114
Are antibiotics prescribed for most cases of pharyngitis?
No
115
What is the treatment for documented streptococcal pharyngitis?
7- to 10-day course of antibiotics
116
How are chronic tonsillitis, adenoiditis, and adenoid hypertrophy treated?
Surgical excision
117
Why is aspirin not given to children?
Threat of Reye syndrome
118
What is the prognosis for uncomplicated pharyngitis?
Resolves within a few days
119
How are bacterial causes of chronic bronchitis treated?
Appropriate antibiotics
120
What may be necessary in chronic cases of bronchitis?
Eliminating underlying cause
121
What prevention measures can help with chronic bronchitis?
Maintaining good health, avoiding infections, controlling allergies
122
What symptoms may indicate compromise to the respiratory tract in patients with nasopharyngeal tumors?
Drooling, difficulty breathing, inability to swallow
123
In which area do nasopharyngeal tumors arise?
Area of the pharynx opening into the nasal cavity and oropharynx
124
When should patients with nasopharyngeal tumors seek emergency medical attention?
If drooling, difficulty breathing, inability to swallow occur
125
What is unique about nasopharyngeal cancers compared to other head and neck cancers?
Less linked to tobacco, linked to dietary intake or EBV infection.
126
ICD-10-CM code for unspecified malignant neoplasm of nasopharynx.
C11.9
127
Why are patients often asymptomatic in the early stages of nasopharyngeal cancer?
Due to the anatomic location of the tumor.
128
What factors are coded by in the ICD system for neoplasms?
Anatomic site, behavior, nature (morphology)
129
Range of ICD-10-CM specificity codes for nasopharynx neoplasms.
C11.0-C11.9 = 6 codes
130
What are the classic clinical triad of symptoms?
Neck mass, nasal obstruction with epistaxis, serous otitis media
131
What are other symptoms of this condition?
Headache, hearing loss, tinnitus, pain, impaired function of cranial nerves
132
What imaging tests are used to aid in staging of malignant neoplasm in the head and neck?
MRI, bone scan, CT scan or PET scan
133
Why is surgery usually not performed in cases of malignant neoplasm in the nasopharynx?
Anatomic constraints
134
How is nasopharyngeal carcinoma commonly treated in patients with early stage cancer?
Radiation therapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy.
135
How are patients with recurrent or more advanced nasopharyngeal carcinomas generally treated?
Chemoradiotherapy.
136
What should patients have after completion of therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
Close follow-up to assess for recurrence.
137
What distant metastases are commonly seen in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
To the bone, lung, or liver.
138
What factors can indicate a worse prognosis for nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
Extension to cranial nerve, metastasis to cervical lymph nodes, high plasma levels of EBV DNA
139
Is screening for EBV in first-degree relatives commonly done for nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
No, except in southern China
140
What information should be provided to the patient before diagnostic testing of the nasopharynx?
Endoscopy and biopsy details
141
When should the patient expect results of the diagnostic testing?
After testing
142
What should the patient be informed about regarding treatment after diagnosis?
Treatment options and side effects
143
How should the patient be encouraged to participate during the medical process?
Ask questions and defer to physician for prognosis
144
What can cause laryngitis?
Viral or bacterial infection
145
What is a common cause of laryngitis?
URI
146
Other conditions that can cause laryngitis?
Bronchitis, influenza, pneumonia
147
What may result from repeated attacks of acid reflux?
Reflux laryngitis
148
What are predisposing factors for reflux laryngitis?
Inclement weather, tobacco smoke, alcohol consumption, inhalation of irritating materials, excessive voice use
149
What can cause hoarseness?
Benign or malignant lesions of the larynx
150
What is the potential concern with hoarseness?
Malignancy must be ruled out
151
What does laryngoscopic examination reveal in cases of reflux laryngitis?
Mildly or highly inflamed mucosa, limited vocal cord movement
152
When is laryngitis not the cause of dysphonia?
If no inflammation is present
153
What are the palliative measures for treating viral laryngitis?
Absolute voice rest, bed rest in a humidified room, fluids, no tobacco or alcohol, lozenges, cough syrup
154
How long should it take to see improvement from viral laryngitis?
4 or 5 days
155
What is effective for treating laryngitis caused by bacterial infection?
Antibiotics
156
What may be used to decrease inflammation in severe cases?
Corticosteroids
157
When does hoarseness become chronic?
After 1 week
158
How is chronic laryngitis treated?
Elimination of causative factors
159
How long does recovery from laryngitis typically take?
1 week
160
How can laryngitis be prevented?
Avoiding known irritants
161
What symptoms are associated with a deviated septum?
Mild breathing problems or increased sinusitis risk
162
How does a deviated septum appear externally?
Normal
163
How can a deviated septum be visible?
Exam with nasal speculum
164
What aids the physician in determining the diagnosis and treatment of a deviated septum?
Patient history and amount of obstruction
165
When is treatment for a deviated septum usually necessary?
If compromise of air passage is noted
166
What surgical procedure can be done to repair a significant obstruction or for cosmetic reasons related to a deviated septum?
Septum straightening
167
What is involved in straightening a deviated septum surgically?
Removing and reshaping cartilage
168
What are nasal polyps?
Benign growths in nasal cavity
169
What is the prevention for nasal polyps?
Avoiding trauma to the nose
170
What patient teaching is important for nasal polyps?
Post-surgery expectations
171
What is the ICD-9-CM Code for nasal polyps?
471.9
172
What is the ICD-10-CM Code for nasal polyps?
J33.9
173
How are nasal polyps coded?
By anatomic site and underlying pathology
174
What is a symptom of nasal polyps?
Breathing difficulty
175
What symptoms may nasal polyps cause?
Impaired sense of smell, sinusitis
176
Who should be screened for nasal polyps?
Patients with allergic rhinitis and/or sinusitis
177
What triggers the overproduction of fluid in the cells of the mucous membrane?
Allergic rhinitis
178
What is the triad of symptoms present in aspirin-sensitive persons?
Nasal polyps, asthma, urticaria
179
How are nasal polyps diagnosed?
Using a nasal speculum
180
What do polyps look like in the nasal passage?
Pearly gray lumps
181
What is the treatment for nasal polyps?
Surgical removal or steroid injections
182
How is relief obtained through steroid injections for nasal polyps?
Repeated at 5- to 7-day intervals
183
Is removal of nasal polyps a major procedure?
No, it is a minor procedure with local anesthetic
184
What is impaired or lost along with the sense of smell?
Ability to taste liquids and food
185
What is the most common cause of anosmia?
Chronic condition like nasal polyps or allergic rhinitis
186
What type of patients are scheduled for a diagnostic evaluation if they have prolonged, unexplained loss of the sense of smell?
Patients complaining of this symptom
187
What is anosmia?
Loss of sense of smell
188
What can cause temporary anosmia?
Intranasal swelling
189
What is a psychologic basis for anosmia?
Phobia of a particular odor
190
What can cause damage to the olfactory nerves?
Head injury
191
What can anosmia be a symptom of?
Brain tumor
192
What should a physician do if they don't find any physical abnormalities or a history of head trauma or allergic conditions?
Consult a neurologist
193
What is the goal of treatment?
To address the underlying cause
194
What is the prognosis for other causes of anosmia?
Guarded prognosis
195
Is there any known means of preventing anosmia?
Avoiding head injury
196
What patient teaching can be beneficial for anosmia?
Explanation of olfactory nerve function
197
What is Epistaxis?
Nosebleed
198
What are common causes of epistaxis?
Colds, infections, rhinitis, sinusitis, nasopharyngitis
199
When is epistaxis considered severe and requires immediate emergency care?
Hemorrhage for 10 minutes or more despite pressure
200
What should you do if the patient reports a severe headache at the onset of epistaxis?
Arrange for an immediate appointment
201
What are some systemic symptoms of significant blood loss?
Vertigo, increased pulse, pallor, shortness of breath, drop in blood pressure
202
In which population is epistaxis more common?
Children
203
What are the most common causes of epistaxis?
Direct trauma, nose picking, foreign body
204
What are some systemic disorders that nasal hemorrhage can be associated with?
Measles, scarlet fever, pertussis, rheumatic fever, hypertension, CHF, chronic renal disease
205
What are some conditions that may present with epistaxis as a symptom?
Hemophilia, thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, and leukemia
206
What are some risk factors for epistaxis?
Vitamin K deficiency, hypertension, aspirin ingestion, high altitude, anticoagulant therapy
207
How is the diagnosis of epistaxis made?
Based on patient history regarding frequency of nosebleeds, injuries, or symptoms of systemic disease
208
Why is it important to note all medications, dietary supplements, and herbal preparations taken by the patient?
Identify contributing offenders
209
How can mild hemorrhage be controlled?
Apply constant direct pressure on either side of the bridge of the nose for 5 to 10 minutes
210
How should patients be instructed to control epistaxis?
Head tilted forward, apply constant pressure
211
What should patients do if they experience repeated or severe nosebleeds?
Report immediately to the healthcare provider
212
What is important to discuss with patients regarding preventing recurrences of nosebleeds?
Measures for prevention
213
What are tumors on the larynx described as?
Benign or malignant growths
214
What symptoms may be experienced if the tumor is malignant?
Dysphagia
215
What is the high-pitched crowing sound present in children with tumors?
Stridor
216
How can hoarseness caused by a benign tumor be described?
Intermittent
217
How can hoarseness caused by cancer be described?
Continuous and gradually worse
218
Are laryngeal tumors common?
Neither type is common
219
Which gender is malignant laryngeal tumors slightly more common in?
Men
220
How long should persistent hoarseness last to require medical evaluation?
2 weeks
221
What are the two types of benign laryngeal tumors mentioned?
Papillomas and polyps
222
How can malignant tumors be treated if discovered early?
Radiation therapy
223
What may be needed if cancer has metastasized?
Laryngectomy
224
What is needed after a laryngectomy?
Extensive speech therapy
225
What does the prognosis depend on?
Type of tumor
226
What is recommended for the prevention of laryngeal cancer?
Avoidance of smoking or chronic irritation
227
What is the most common site for head and neck tumors?
Larynx
228
What is the most common type of laryngeal tumor?
Squamous cell carcinoma
229
What is the ICD-9-CM code for laryngeal tumors?
161.9
230
What is the ICD-10-CM code for laryngeal tumors?
C32.9
231
What is the most common initial complaint of a laryngeal tumor involving the vocal cords?
Hoarseness
232
What are some benign causes of hoarseness?
Vocal cord polyp or nodule
233
How can hoarseness caused by a malignant neoplasm be characterized?
Continuous and gradually worsening
234
What are some other symptoms that may accompany hoarseness?
Dysphagia, hemoptysis, chronic cough, referred ear pain, stridor
235
What are the major risk factors for the development of laryngeal cancer?
Smoking and alcohol abuse.
236
How long should unexplained, persistent hoarseness last for it to require medical evaluation?
Longer than 2 weeks.
237
What is the combined effect of alcohol and tobacco in causing cancer?
Multiplicative
