Resp Anatomy

Question 1

what are the structures of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

upper and lower airways, lungs and pleura, thoracic cage, muscles of respiration

Question 2

skeletal structure of the thorax

Answer 2

12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs and costa, sternum (manubrium, body, xyphoid)

Question 3

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 3

perform gas exchange, regulate blood pH, provide for olfaction, provide for phonation

Question 4

features of the ribs

Answer 4

facets and costal grooves

Question 5

facets

Answer 5

for articulation with the vertebrae (synovial)

Question 6

costal groove

Answer 6

location of intercostal VAN (neurovascular bundle)

Question 7

muscles of inhalation

Answer 7

accessory: sternocleidomastoid and scalenes
principal: external intercostals and diaphragm

Question 8

muscles of exhalation (active)

Answer 8

internal intercostals, internal/external obliques, transverse and rectus abdominis

Question 9

what do the muscles of inhalation do?

Answer 9

elevate ribs, lower the diaphragm, enlarge the thorax, AP and SI dimensions

Question 10

what do the muscles of exhalation do?

Answer 10

depress ribs, compress abdomen, elevate diaphragm, compress thorax

Question 11

what are all skeletal muscles controlled by?

Answer 11

somatic neurons

Question 12

exhalation

Answer 12

is passive; lets lungs recoil to push air back out (energy efficient), active breathing recruits internal intercostals, obliques and abdominals; when flexed compresses viscera and sends them up against diaphragm to help expel air

Question 13

intercostal VAN

Answer 13

vein, artery, (thoracic spinal) nerve at each intercostal space

Question 14

intercostal VAN features

Answer 14

internal and external intercostal muscles only exist b/w the ribs in the intercostal spaces, inner most intercostals are splayed against the entire thing

Question 15

lung aspiration

Answer 15

lung compression and collapsing can occur w/ fluid, air, pus, etc, accumulation in the pleural cavity, can be aspirated w/ a syringe (need to be careful due to intercostal VAN
best approach: aim for top of a rib (furthest from intercostal VAN)

Question 16

blood supply of the thoracic cage (arteries)

Answer 16

• subclavian arteries supply thoracic cage
• descending thoracic aorta supplies the back
• blood going through the thoracic cage comes from the front and back; arteries run through intercostal spaces and create anastomoses
• intercostal arteries run in the intercostal groove underneath the ribs

Question 17

venous drainage of the thoracic cage

Answer 17

• from back -> SVC
• from front -> brachiocephalic and subclavian veins -> SVC
• internal thoracic vein out front + intercostal veins drain into azygos vein out back (right side) and hemi-azygos (left side) -> end up in SVC

Question 18

what nerve innervates the diaphragm?

Answer 18

phrenic nerve

Question 19

diaphragm features

Answer 19

composed of skeletal muscle, attaches to the inferior aspects of the ribcage and acts upon a central tendon, separates the pleural from peritoneal cavity; many structures must pass through the diaphragm

Question 20

openings in diaphragm

Answer 20

aortic hiatus, esophageal hiatus, caval opening

Question 21

upper respiratory system

Answer 21

consists of channels through the bony parts of the skull; nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

Question 22

what are the 3 regions of pharynx?

Answer 22

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 23

what do the upper airways consist of?

Answer 23

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses (front, ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid)

Question 24

what is the transition zone zone between upper and lower airways?

Answer 24

the larynx

Question 25

what is the purpose of vibrissae?

Answer 25

present in the nose and trap big particulate matter

Question 26

where does air travel through in the upper respiratory system?

Answer 26

across the moist mucous membrane through conchi/ turbinate bones

Question 27

nasal cavity

Answer 27

covered by a mucous membrane, filters, warms and humidifies the air, protecting the lower respiratory

Question 28

the oral cavity contains which type of tissue?

Answer 28

stratified squamous epithelium, b/c it is subjected to many abrasive forces (food)

Question 29

epiglottis

Answer 29

protects the trachea, expulsive manoeuvres (cough, sneeze, micturition, labour & delivery), structural support

Question 30

what do the lower airways consist of?

Answer 30

trachia, bronchi, bronchopulmonary segments, bronchioles, lobules, alveolus

Question 31

trachea

Answer 31

has C shaped cartilage, posterior has smooth muscle, bifurcates into primary bronchi, pseudostratified columnar epithelium (mucociliary apparatus), carina (internal ridge at bronchial junction)

Question 32

primary bronchi

Answer 32

enter each lung at the hilus and then divide into secondary bronchi - right primary: shorter, wider, more vertical - left primary: longer, more angled

Question 33

secondary (lobar) bronchi

Answer 33

3 in right lung, 2 in left lung; supported by plates of cartilage

Question 34

what would happen if you aspirated food into the lungs?

Answer 34

it would end up in the path of least resistance (right primary bronchus)

Question 35

lobes and fissures of the left lung

Answer 35

2 lobes - superior and inferior, oblique fissure; has a cardiac notch (superior; accomodates the heart) and lingula

Question 36

lobes and fissures of the right lung

Answer 36

3 lobes - superior, middle, inferior, horizontal and oblique fissures

Question 37

secondary bronchi continue dividing to create:

Answer 37

tertiary (segmental) bronchi, there are 10 in the right lung and 8 in the left; cartilage rings replaced by cartilage plates

Question 38

bronchopulmonary segment

Answer 38

the area supplied by tertiary bronchi; functionally and anatomically indepent - have own elastic tiss. covering - own blood, lymphatic and nerve supply

Question 39

tertiary bronchi divide into:

Answer 39

bronchioles

Question 40

tertiary bronchus features

Answer 40

eventually cartilage is replaced by smooth muscle only, smooth muscle bands are regulated by the ANS

Question 41

tertiary bronchioles branch up to 14x to make

Answer 41

terminal bronchioles

Question 42

each terminal bronchiole forms a

Answer 42

lobule

Question 43

what is each lobule composed of?

Answer 43

terminal bronchioles, arteriole, venule, lymphatic vessel - all wrapped in elastic CT

Question 44

what are respiratory bronchioles connected to?

Answer 44

connect to alveolar sacs by alveolar ducts

Question 45

what do the bronchial arteries supply?

Answer 45

conducting regions

Question 46

what do the pulmonary arteries supply?

Answer 46

supply the gas exchange regions (lobules)

Question 47

what are the functions of the airways?

Answer 47

tructural support, air conditioning, protection, gas exchange (towards alveoli)

Question 48

alveolus

Answer 48

tiny air sac at the end of a bronchiole in the lungs that provides surface area for gas exchange to occur

Question 49

what are the types of alveolar cells

Answer 49

type 1 and type 2

Question 50

type 1 alveolar cells

Answer 50

continuous lining wall; primary site of gas exchange

Question 51

type 2 alveolar cells

Answer 51

secrete alveolar fluid and surfactant; surfactant reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid, elastic fibers also help to keep alveoli open

Question 52

gas exchange membrane consists of:

Answer 52

type I pneumocyte, basement membrane, pulmonary capillary endothelial cell

Question 53

why is the gas exchange membrane very thin?

Answer 53

to allow for gas exchange