Translation Flashcards

(28 cards)

1
Q

Translation

A

process of translating the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids

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2
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

ribosome via. instructions provided by mRNA

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3
Q

mRNA is translated in what direction?

A

5’ to 3’

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4
Q

mRNA is translated into

A

proteins

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5
Q

start codon for translation

A

AUG (methionine)

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6
Q

Codon

A

genetic code is read in groups of 3 nucleotides

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7
Q

The degenerate nature of the genetic code

A

more than one codon can code for the same amino acid

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8
Q

Unambiguous nature of genetic code

A

each codon only specifies one amino acid

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9
Q

wobble

A

third base deviates from the base pairing rules or is an unusual base

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10
Q

mutations

A

arise as a result of DNA damage or incorrect incorporation of bases

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11
Q

point mutation (substitution)

A

a single base changes (CGA –> CGG)

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12
Q

silent mutation

A

a change that specifies the same amino acid (CGA –> CGG)

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13
Q

missense mutation

A

a change that specifies a different amino acid (CGA –> CCA)

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14
Q

nonsense mutation

A

A change that produces a stop codon (CGA –> UGA)

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15
Q

insertion mutation

A

an addition of one or more bases (CGAG –> CFATG)

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16
Q

deletion mutation

A

A loss of one or more bases (CGAG –> CGG)

17
Q

frameshift mutation

A

mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

18
Q

proceeding of translation

A
  • charged tRNAs donate their aa to the growing chain while the anticodon is attached to the mRNA
  • tRNA is released and charged tRNA codes for the next aa in the reading frame becomes attached
19
Q

3 steps of translation

A

initiation, elongation, termination

20
Q

initiation

A

formation of a complex between the methionyl-tRNA, initiation factors, the mRNA, and thee smallest ribosomal subunit (40S), 60S subunit binds to complete

21
Q

binding sites on ribosome

A

A (aminoacyl), P (peptidyl),

22
Q

Elongation

A

peptidyltransderase, the rRNA of the large ribosomal subunit catalyzes the formation of the peptide bond

23
Q

termination

A
  • stop codon reached (UGA, UAG, UAA)
  • release factors bind to ribosome, allowing last peptide bond to form before ribosome falls apart and releases protein
  • requires lots of energy
24
Q

posttranslational modification

A

removal of N-terminal methionine, cleavage

25
polysomes
multiple ribosome can attach to an mRNA, each producing the same protein
26
signal sequence
sequence within a protein that directs the protein to a particular organelle
27
Signal-reecognition particle (SRP)
- secreted or incorporated membrane proteins are translated in the ER due to SRP - cause the ribosome to dock onto the ER to complete synthesis of the protein
28
proteins synthesized into the ER
travel in vesicle to Golgi complex, but do not remain, become lysosomes or fuse within the cell membrane