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Amy Somerville > RESP - E. LUNG STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION-COVERED > Flashcards

RESP - E. LUNG STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION-COVERED Flashcards

1
Q

what is the role of the respiratory system

A

to ensure adequate intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide

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2
Q

how blood flow through lungs

A
  • deoxygenated blood from heart picks up oxygen in alveoli and excretes carbon dioxide from blood into alveoli
  • pulmonary vein takes oxygenated blood to heart to be pumped around body
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3
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
  • fight or flight responses
  • Noradrenaline acts at adrenoceptors in lungs
  • Adrenaline released from adrenal glands
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4
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • rest and digest responses
  • acetylcholine acts at muscarinic receptors
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5
Q

adrenoceptors - alpha

A
  • alpha1 ARs: vascular smooth muscles contraction
  • alpha2 ARs: vascular smooth muscle contraction and pre-synaptic regulation of NA release
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6
Q

adrenoceptors - beta

A
  • beta1 ARs - contraction of heart
  • beta2 ARs - airway smooth muscle relaxation
  • beta3 ARs - skeletal muscle, adipose tissue
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7
Q

muscarinic receptors

A
  • M1: CNS, salivary glands, gastric glands
  • M2: heart - contraction, GI smooth muscle contraction, CNS
  • M3: salivary glands, smooth muscle of GIT and airways
  • M4: CNS
  • M5: CNS
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8
Q

sympathetic pathway in airways

A
  • circulates adrenaline from adrenal glands
  • acts on B2-ARs on bronchial smooth muscle = relaxation
  • inhibition of mediator release from mast cells
  • B2-ARs on mucous glands to inhibit secretion so increased clearance of mucous
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9
Q

parasympathetic pathway in airways

A
  • release ACh
  • activates muscarinic M3 receptors
  • bronchoconstriction and increased mucous secretion
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10
Q

sensory nerves in airways

A
  • protective mechanism
  • in control of cough reflex
  • cause coughing, bronchoconstriction and increased mucous secretion
  • unregulated in inflammation (increased)
  • involved in exercise-induced asthma?
  • involved in cold-induced asthma?

*no drugs to control sensory nerves
we want to dampen the effect down

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11
Q

what is eupnoea

A
  • normal breathing rhythm
  • 1/3 air remains in main airways
  • deeper breaths: more air passes into alveoli for gas exchange
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12
Q

what is dyspnoea

A
  • difficult breathing
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13
Q

what is airway resistance

A

the opposition to airflow in respiratory tree (lungs)
- depends on friction and airway cross section

  1. contraction of airway smooth muscle leading to constriction of airways
  2. increased growth of smooth muscle (remodelling) reducing size of lumen (asthma, COPD) which increases resistance to airflow
  3. excess mucous production which increases resistance to airflow (chronic bronchitis common in COPD)
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14
Q

what is compliance

A
  • indication of ability of lungs to stretch when breathing in
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15
Q

what is elastance

A
  • ability of lung to recoil to normal size when breathing out

Emphysema/COPD can lead to loss of elastance

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16
Q

what is fibrosis

A
  • caused by lung damage eg - after TB
    stiff lungs (with fibrosis) have low compliance and high elastic recoil (as difficult to stretch) - total lung capacity reduces
17
Q

control of breathing

A
  • controlled though ANS
  • build up of carbon dioxide (holding breath) is recognised by chemoreceptors in respiratory centres in brain stem and breathing is stimulated
18
Q

what is spirometry

A
  • measure lung volume
19
Q

obstructive airway disease

A
  • FEV1 decreases as air comes out slower
  • FVC roughly the same if all air can be expelled
    compared to normal
    but FEV1:FVC ratio decreases

*hard for them to exhale all the air from their lungs

20
Q

restrictive airway disease

A
  • FVC decreases
  • FEV1 decreases
    but FEV1:FVC ratio is the same as normal

*fibrosis
*can’t fully fill their lungs with air

21
Q

peak flow meter

A
  • small, hand-held device
  • measures flow of air out of lungs
  • PEF - peak expiratory flow: speed at which you breathe air out
    rises rapidly during forced expiration then drops
  • constriction of airways reduce peak flow
  • record in morning and evening
22
Q

respiratory acidosis

A
  • reduction in lung function = impaired expiration of carbon dioxide
  • build up of carbon dioxide leads to increased H+ conc and hence a drop in pH (acidosis)
  • leads to increased breathing to limit hypoxia
  • excrete more carbon dioxide, decrease carbonic acid in body and pH should rise

diabetes - build up of acids in body

23
Q

hyperventilation

A
  • leads to loss of carbon dioxide and hence alkalosis (increase in pH)
  • leads to inhibition of ventilation to limit hyperventilation

vomiting out acid from stomach - decrease in ventilation to decrease carbon dioxide input and decrease pH

24
Q

smoking

A
  • causes 1/3 of all cancer deaths
  • particulate matter and tar
    tar is the solid material inhaled and forms a sticky brown residue in lungs and airways

Amy Somerville (70 decks)

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