Respiration

Question 1

Aerobic Cellular Respiration, including chemical reaction

Answer 1

the series of
chemical reactions that occur in the cell
that provide energy and consume oxygen

glucose + oxygen + carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 2

APT

Answer 2

to store and provide energy for many processes in living cells, such as muscle movement, cell division, and active transport. It’s often called the “energy currency” of the cell

Question 3

Why oxygen is important

Answer 3

helps cells produce energy

cellular respiration to break down food and release energy needed for everything you do.

Question 4

Different types of breathing in animals

Answer 4

Skin breathing – Oxygen passes directly through the skin (e.g., earthworms, amphibians).

Gills – Specialized organs that extract oxygen from water (e.g., fish, some amphibians).

Lungs – Air-filled organs that take in oxygen from the air (e.g., mammals, birds, reptiles).

Tracheal breathing – A system of tubes that deliver oxygen directly to body cells (e.g., insects).

Question 5

Countercurrent exchange in fish

Answer 5

is a system in the gills where water and blood flow in opposite directions. This setup helps fish absorb the maximum amount of oxygen from the water because the oxygen-rich water always meets blood with less oxygen, allowing efficient oxygen transfer.

Question 6

Nasal passages

Answer 6

contains turbinate bones = more surface area

warm the air and adds moisture; the hair filters out bacteria and other particles

Question 7

Epiglottis

Answer 7

the flap that the trachea presses against when food is in the pharynx

prevents food and other substances from entering the trachea and lungs

Question 8

larynx

Answer 8

voice box

allows production of sound

Question 9

trachea

Answer 9

lines with cartilage rings, cilia and mucus

passageway between nose/mouth and lunch

filters and cleans the air

Question 10

pleural membrane

Answer 10

cover the lungs and line the thoracic cavity

creates pleural cavity (fluid layer) that keeps the lungs and ribs from friction

Question 11

intercostal muscles

Answer 11

external and internal

move the rib bones to increase the chest space during inhalation and compress rthe chest during exhalation

Question 12

diaphram

Answer 12

large dome shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity front he abdominal cavity

Question 13

bronchi

Answer 13

two cilia and mucus lined tubes commenting the trachea to the bronchioles

one tube into each lung

still got cartilage in the walls

Question 14

bronchioles

Answer 14

smaller tubes branching off the bronchi; got cartilage, mucous and cilia for trapping particles, bacteria and fungi

Question 15

lungs

Answer 15

two sacks containing microscopic air sacs , blood vessels and the bronchioles

Question 16

alveoli

Answer 16

microscopic air sacs surrounded by capillaries

site of gas exchange

Question 17

pulmonary capilaries

Answer 17

microscopic blood vessels that wrap around the alveoli and contain the plasma and red blood cells that deliver carbon dioxide from the cells and pick up oxygen from the alveoli

Question 18

Mechanism of breathing

Answer 18

• lungs in thoracic cavity
• separated from abdominal cavity from diaphram
• brain controls breathing
• healthy lunch tissue is elastic
• pleural membrane makes fluid
• prevents membranes for seperating

Question 19

pneumonothorax

Answer 19

a collapsed lung caused by the introduction of air between the pleural membranes

Question 20

position of diaphram

Answer 20

inhalation - contracted down
exhalation - upward and u shape

Question 21

position of ribs

Answer 21

inhalation - up and outward
exhalation - down and inward

Question 22

volume in chest cavity

Answer 22

inhalation - increased volume
exhalation - decreased volume

Question 23

area of high pressure

Answer 23

inhalation - outside body
exhalation - inside lungs

Question 24

area of low pressure

Answer 24

inhalation - in lungs
exhalation - outside body

Question 25

movement of O2 and other gases

Answer 25

inhalation - into lungs and alveoli exhalation - out the lungs and body

Question 26

The factors that affect diffusion and transportation of gases

Answer 26

Surface area – More surface area allows more gas to diffuse at once. Distance – The shorter the distance the gas has to travel, the faster the diffusion. Temperature – Higher temperatures increase the rate of diffusion. Solubility of the gas – Gases that dissolve easily in liquids diffuse more readily. Pressure – Higher pressure can increase gas transport, especially in gases like oxygen.

Question 27

Phosphorylation

Answer 27

is the process of adding a phosphate group (PO₄³⁻) to a molecule, like a protein or a sugar