Respiration

Question 1

in the trachea, below the mucosa and submucosa, there is a

Answer 1

ring of cartilage.

Question 2

what type of epithelium lines the mucosal layer facing the lumen in the trachea?

Answer 2

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epitheliu,.

Question 3

____(type) glands are often found above the perichondrum

Answer 3

mucous (often has serous demilunes)

Question 4

what are the conducting portions of the respiratory system? the respiratory portions?

Answer 4

a conducting portion – nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi (4 types), bronchioles and terminal bronchioles a respiratory portion – respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

Question 5

4 types of bronchi

Answer 5

All parts are histologically differnet. 4 types of bronchi. 1) primary 2) secondary 3) Tertiary bronchi 4) Smaller/ terminal bronchioles

Question 6

the conducting portion of the system ____ air, and the respiratory portion is involved in ___ ____.

Answer 6

Channels air, but the respiratory portion is involved in gas exchange.

Question 7

the larynx is made primarily of ____ cartilage, except the epiglottis, which is made of ___

Answer 7

, all hyaline cartilages except for epiglottis, which is made for elastic hyaline cartliage.

Question 8

the vocal chords are made of ___ ___ ___ ___

Answer 8

dense elastic fibrous tissue.

Question 9

which types of cartilages are “sex linked”

Answer 9

thyroid and cricoid cardilage portions are larger in men.

Question 10

label

Answer 10

larynx

Question 11

which hormone influences the cartilage growth in larynx?

Answer 11

Growth of cartilage is influenced by testosterone. Allows for adams apple to grow. Vocal chords are attached to the thyroid cartilage and thus deepens as the adams apple grows.

Question 13

the trachea extends from the ___ to where it divides to ___ bronchii

Answer 13

larynx to primary bronchii

Question 14

three layers of trachea

Answer 14

1) mucosa
2) submucosa + cartilage rings
3) adventitia

Question 15

2 components of mucosa of trachea

Answer 15

1) epithelium of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
2) lamina propria of loose areolar CT

Question 16

2 components of submucosa of trachea

Answer 16

1) mucous glands with serous demilunes
2) hyaline cartilage (c shaped)

Question 17

hyaline cartilage in the respiratory system is C shaped with gaps. the gap is bridgedby ___ muscle

Answer 17

trachea muscle.

Question 18

function of the hyaline cartilage in hte trachea

Answer 18

ucartilage supports wall and prevents collapse of airway

Question 19

the adventitia of the trachea consists of:

Answer 19

loose connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves

Question 20

Label

Answer 20

Probs trachea

E= epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)

CT= Connective tissue in lamina propria

G= seromucous glands in submucosa

P= perichondrium

C= hyaline cartilage.

Question 21

what is this?

Answer 21

probs trachea.

mucosa with epithelium and lamina propria; submucosa with sero-mucus glands andfibrous tissue of perichondrium

Fibrous tissue at the end of the slide, part of submucosa. its the perichondrium. cartilage not shown.

Question 22

the trachea divides to form 2 ___ ___. these divide to form ___ ___> What is the dispersion?

these bronchi divide to form ___ __, which divide to __ __.

Answer 22

2 primary bronchi. they form secondary bronchi (3 on right, 2 on left)

Secondary divide to form tertiary bronchi which divide to smaller bronchi

Question 23

difference in cartilage structure between primary and secondary bronchii.

Answer 23

• Primary bronchi have rings of cartilage in submucosa
• Secondary and tertiary bronchi have plates of cartilage (visible) in submucosa

Question 24

do tertiary and smaller bronchii have cartilage?

Answer 24

yes, but just very small plates.

Question 25

Comment on goblet cell amount in smaller bronchi. What kind of epithelium do they have? What tissues make up the lamina propria beyond the secondary bronchii?

Answer 25

smaller bronchi have: - fewer goblet cells - lamina propria made of **smooth muscle rather than loose areolar connective tissue like it is higher up.** epithelium is simple columnar epithlium: usually ciliated.

Question 26

What is this?

Answer 26

must be either tertiary or smaller bronchi. It has PLATES of cartilage, not a ring, so it cannot be primary or secondary. Cartilage is too big to be smaller bronchus. There is still a substantial amount of aartilage on this slide. There is also smooth muscle in LAMINA PROPRIA prior to cartilage. . Means that there is a tertirary bronchu, because secondary bronchus has no smooth muscle. The white dots on this cross section is alveoli, not fat.

Question 27

Describe these photos

Answer 27

Bronchial wall. A) A higher power view of **tertiary bronchus** shows the epithelium (E) of mainly **pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells with a few goblet cells.** The lamina propria (LP) contains the distinct layer of **smooth muscle (SM).** The submucosa is the site of the supporting cartilage (C) and the adventitia includes blood vessels (V) and nerves (N). Lung tissue (LT) directly surrounds the adventitia of bronchi. (b): This micrograph shows **smaller bronchus**, in which the epithelium is primarily of **columnar cells with cilia (ar**rows), with fewer goblet cells. The lamina propria has both **smooth muscle (**SM) and small serous glands (G) near cartilage (C).

Question 28

3 types of bronchioles

Answer 28

1) bronchioles 2) terminal bronchioles 3) respiratory bronchioles.

Question 29

2 cell types of the mucosa in bronchioles

Answer 29

1) low columnar/cuboidal epithelium with ciliated and non-ciliated cells. Epithelium is characteristic. No distint columns. These cells are either ciliated or non cilated. They are kind of changing, one cell is ciliated, one is not 2) Clara cells: dome shaped granules. NOT ciliated

Question 30

purpose of clara cells in the bronchioles

Answer 30

There is no cartilage in bronchioles. Clara cells help **keep the pathways** open. Thye produce **surfactant and** **reduce surface tension.** Clara cells are also in volved in **phagocytosis and produce enzymes** that fight any type of chemical deris from the lung. Also **produces lyozime**. Fights bacterial and fungal infections

Question 31

T/F bronchioles have glands in their walls.

Answer 31

false. Smooth muscle and elastic fibers make up majority of wall, no cartilage or glands in bronchioles.

Question 32

Even though there are no formal glands in the bronchiole, what is considered the exocrine bronchiolar cell found in the bronchiole mucosa?

Answer 32

clara cells.

Question 33

Answer 33

Bronchioles. (a): A large bronchiole has the characteristically folded respiratory **LOW COLUMNAR AND CUBOIDAL epithelium (E)** and prominent smooth muscle (arrows), but is supported only by fibrous connective tissue (C) with **no glands**. (b) : Staining for elastic fibers reveals the **high elastic content** (arrowhead) associated with the muscle of a **smaller bronchiole (B).** (c) In very small bronchioles the epithelium (E) is reduced to **simple low columnar and the several layers of smooth muscle cells (arrows)** comprise a high proportion of the wall.

Question 34

Terminal bronchioles branch to give rise to ___ \_\_\_ , which have some single alveoli in walls

Answer 34

nTerminal bronchioles branch to give rise to respiratory bronchioles, which have some single alveoli in walls

Question 35

Discuss

Answer 35

a) Cross—section shows that a **terminal bronchiole** has only one or two layers of **smooth muscle cells**. The epithelium contains **ciliated cuboidal cells** and many low **columnar nonciliated cells.** b) The nonciliated **Clara cells** with bulging domes of apical cytoplasm contain granules.

Question 36

respiratory bronchioles have ___ epithelium. Ciliated or noncilated? What types of ducts do they lead to?

Answer 36

Respiratory bronchioles have CUBOIDAL epithelium, NON ciliated and ciliated. they lead to **alveolar ducts** which terminate in sacs of alveoli

Question 37

Label

Answer 37

Terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, and alveoli. Note that respiratory bronchioles are similar in most respects to terminal bronchioles except for the presence of scattered alveoli along their length.

Question 38

three types of alveoli cells

Answer 38

1) type I neumocytes 2) type two pneumocytes 3) alveolar macrophages.

Question 39

what kind of cells are type 1 cells? Function? What kind of junctions do they have?

Answer 39

they are thin squamous epithlial cells. site of gas exchange. They have occludinf junctions and desmosomes.

Question 40

What kind of cells are type II cells? function?

Answer 40

they are CUBOIDAL cells with granules, same function as CLARA cells (surfactant).

Question 41

alveolar macrophages are derived from \_\_\_\_

Answer 41

monocytes

Question 42

Label. What part of the respiratory system is this?

Answer 42

Alveolar walls. As seen here the **capillaries (C) c**ontain erythrocytes. The alveoli are **lined** mainly by squamous **type I alveolar cells (I)**. Type II alveolar cells line a bit of each alveolus and are large rounded cells, o**ften bulging into the alveolus (II)**. Also present are alveolar **macrophages (M), w**hich may be in the alveoli or in the interalveolar septa.

Question 43

alveoli are surrounded by capillaries to created a \_\_\_-\_\_\_ membranous barrier. What cells create this barrier?

Answer 43

blood-air membranous barrier. comprimsed of type 1 pneumocytes, endothelial cells of capillaries, and the basement membrane of type I pneumocytes and basement membrane of endothelium (both fused together)

Question 44

label the pointer slides.

Answer 44