respiration

Question 1

1.Acute hypoxemic respiratory insufficiency is characterized by:
Select one:
a. it is associated with respiratory alkalosis
b. can be induced by hypertensive crisis
c. pO2 below 80 Hgmm
d. lack of compensation
e. Hypoventilation

Answer 1

d

Question 2

2. Risk factors of infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS):
Select one or more:
a. preterm birth
b. insufficient corticosteroid exposure
c. perinatal bacterial infection
d. maternal diabetes mellitus

Answer 2

a/b/d

Question 3

3.Alterations in interstitial lung disease:
Select one or more:
a. clubbing of the fingers
b. non-productive coughing
c. cor pulmonale
d. increased total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 3

a/b/c

Question 4

4.Which of the following statements is false regarding the alveolo-capillary gas diffusion?
Select one:
a. Thickening of the barrier primarily leads to hypoxemia.
b. Its efficiency is inversely related to the thickness of the barrier.
c. Its efficiency is directly related to the lipid solubility of the given gas.
d. Its efficiency is directly related to the surface.
e. Its efficiency is directly related to pressure difference.

Answer 4

a/c

Question 5

5.It is true about central chemoreceptors regulating respiration:
Select one:
a. They respond to changes in blood partial CO2 pressure.
b. They respond to changes in blood buffering capacity.
c. They are located in the bifurcation of the carotid artery.
d. They respond to interstitial edema.
e. They respond to blood vessel tension.

Answer 5

a

Question 6

6.Function of the respiratory system:
Select one:
a. regulation of the stroke volume
b. regulation of the peripheral blood pressure
c. compensation of metabolic acidosis
d. hormone secretion
e. protein production in hypoproteinemia

Answer 6

c

Question 7

7.Factors in the pathomechanism of emphysema:
Select one or more:
a. Alfa1-antitrypsin oxidation
b. decreased efficiency of gas diffusion
c. decreasing neutrophil elastase production
d. increasing lung compliance

Answer 7

b/d

Question 8

8.Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be caused by the following, except:
Select one:
a. anaphylactic reaction
b. aspiration
c. hypertensive crisis
d. pancreatitis
e. heart failure

Answer 8

c

Question 9

9.Mechanisms of reversible airways obstruction in asthma bronchiale:
Select one or more:
a. elastin degradation as a result of the increased proteolytic activity
b. edema of the mucous membranes
c. increased mucus secretion
d. pneumocyte proliferation

Answer 9

b/c

Question 10

10.Manifestations of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), except:
Select one or more:
a. right ventricular hypertrophy
b. productive coughing
c. peripheral edema
d. reflex bronchoconstriction

Answer 10

b/d

Question 11

11.Which of the following statements is true regarding the airways?
Select one:
a. Gas exchange becomes less effective in the presence of decreased air flow
b. Besides decreased resistance, there is a mandatory decrease in flow speed
c. Flow speed is higher in the gas exchange zone compared to airflow zones
d. Resistance in the terminal bronchioli is higher than in the alveoli
e. Resistance gradually decreases from entry towards the alveoli.

Answer 11

e

Question 12

12.Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) can be induced by:
Select one or more:
a. interstitial lung disease
b. pulmonary edema
c. chronic hypoxemia caused by COPD
d. defect of inhibitory effect of TGFβ on smooth muscle cell proliferation

Answer 12

a/c/d

Question 13

13. Main components of the biochemical defense mechanisms of the lungs:
    Select one:
    a. elastase synthesized by neutrophilic granulocytes
    b. protease-inhibitor system
    c. outward mucociliary activity
    d. vasodilators synthesized by mast cells
    e. cytokines synthesized by alveolar macrophages

Answer 13

b

Question 14

14. Reversible airways obstruction can be induced in asthma bronchiale by:
Select one or more:
a. pneumocyte proliferation
b. hyaline membrane formation
c. constriction of pulmonary arteries
d. edema of the mucous membranes

Answer 14

d

Question 15

15.Patients of type B (blue bloater) COPD phenotype are characterized by:
Select one or more:
a. increased circulatory resistance of the lungs
b. large amount of sputum production
c. cor pulmonale
d. secondary polycythemia

Answer 15

b/c/d

Question 16

16.Which of the following statements is true regarding surfactant?
Select one:
a. It is produced by alveolar macrophages.
b. It is amphipathic substance
c. It is produced by pneumocytes type I.
d. It plays a role in the removal of bacteria from the airways.
e. It enhances the alveolo-capillary gas diffusion

Answer 16

b

Question 17

17. Alterations in lung thromboembolism, except:
Select one or more:
a. increased surfactant synthesis
b. increased V/Q ratio
c. hypoventilation
d. hypoxemia

Answer 17

a/c

Question 18

18.Types of pneumothorax (PTX):
Select one or more:
a. hormone-induced
b. primary (spontaneous)
c. tension
d. transsudational

Answer 18

b/c

Question 19

19.It is true about the ventilation/perfusion ratio:
Select one:
a. It is shifted towards ventilation in pulmonary embolism.
b. It is shifted towards perfusion in pulmonary arterial hypertension.
c. Its normal value exceeds 1 due to the physiologic right-left shunt.
d. It is shifted towards ventilation in asthma bronchiale.
e. It is shifted towards ventilation in pneumonia.

Answer 19

a

Question 20

20.Chronic hypoxemic respiratory insufficiency is characterized by:
Select one:
a. it can be the causative factor of secondary polycythemia
b. it is associated with compensatory metabolic alkalosis
c. it can be induced by hypertensive crisis
d. none of the above
e. it is primarily associated with obstructive diseases

Answer 20

a

Question 21

21.Oxygen affinity of hemoglobin decreases:
Select one:
a. in hypothermia
b. upon reduction of 2,3-diphospoglycerate content of red blood cells
c. in chronic liver disease
d. in hypocapnia
e. in acidosis

Answer 21

e

Question 22

22.Elements of the pathomechanism of chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD):
Select one or more:
a. interstitial fibrosis
b. smooth muscle spasm
c. disturbances of the protease-anti-protease balance
d. decreased mucus secretion
23.

Answer 22

b/c

Question 23

23.Possible triggering cause of intrinsic asthma bronchiale:
Select one or more:
a. psychic stress
b. house dust mite
c. irritant materials
d. pollen

Answer 23

a/c

Question 24

24. Manifestations of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH):
Select one or more:
a. productive coughing
b. decreased physical performance
c. hypoventilation
d. cor pulmonale

Answer 24

b/d

Question 25

25.Factors in the pathomechanism of cystic fibrosis: Select one or more: a. decreasing biliary secretion due to ABC transporter defects b. decreased chloride secretion in sweat glands c. decreased luminal chloride secretion in the alveoli and small airways d. thickening of the mucus in the alveoli and small airways

Answer 25

a/c/d

Question 26

26.It is true about the peripheral chemoreceptors regulating respiration: Select one: a. They respond to interstitial edema. b. They respond to blood vessel tension. c. They respond to changes in blood partial CO2 pressure. d. They respond to changes in blood pH. e. They are located in the bifurcation of the carotid artery

Answer 26

e

Question 27

``` 27.Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be caused by? Select one: a. all of these answers b. burning c. transfusion reaction d. pancreatitis e. extensive trauma ```

Answer 27

a

Question 28

28.Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) is characterized by: Select one or more: a. outstanding role of smoking as a risk factor b. emphysema c. disease course with changing intensities d. reversible airways constriction

Answer 28

a/b/c

Question 29

``` 29.Alterations in cystic fibrosis: Select one or more: a. recurrent airways infections b. recurrent cystitis c. liver failure d. failure of the exocrine pancreas ```

Answer 29

a/c/d

Question 30

30.Oxygen affinity of hemoglobin increases: Select one: a. in febrile states b. in hypercapnia c. in chronic renal disease d. upon reduction of 2,3-diphospoglycerate content of red blood cells e. in acidosis

Answer 30

d

Question 31

``` 31.Treatment possibilitites in cystic fibrosis: Select one or more: a. broad spectrum antibiotics b. lung transplantation c. anti-inflammatory corticosteroids d. gene therapy ```

Answer 31

a/b/c/d

Question 32

32.Factors in the pathomechanism of interstitial lung disease: Select one or more: a. increased alveolar mucus production b. microthrombi in lung capillaries c. increased smooth muscle contraction in the bronchioli d. decrease of elastic recoil of the lungs

Answer 32

d

Question 33

``` 33. Patients of type A (pink puffer) COPD phenotype are characterized by: Select one or more: a. respiratory acidosis b. small amount of sputum production c. Kussmaul type breathing pattern d. extensive fibrosis ```

Answer 33

b

Question 34

34.Which of the following statements is false regarding surfactant? Select one: a. It plays a role in the reduction of surface tension. b. Its presence is indifferent regarding the alveolo-capillary gas diffusion. c. It is amphipathic substance. d. It contains palmitic acid. e. It is produced by alveolar macrophages

Answer 34

e

Question 35

35.Lung compliance: Select one: a. it is increased in spontaneous pneumothorax b. characterizes the relationship between volume change and tension c. upon its decrease, the lung distension is facilitated in inspiration d. is the ability of the lungs to regain their original condition e. it is increased in acute inflammation

Answer 35

b