Respiratory 1

Question 1

Give 5 examples of acquired airway obstruction

Answer 1

1. progressive ethmoid hematomas
2. nasopharyngeal
3. laryngeal paralysis
4. laryngeal and tracheal edema
5. tracheal edema and hemorrhage syndrome

Question 2

progressive ethmoid hematomas are mostly dx in

Answer 2

older horses (thoroughbreds and Arabians)

Question 3

Nasopharyngeal polyps are commonly dx in

Answer 3

young cats (1-3yrs), horses can get them too (nasal)

Question 4

where do nasopharyngeal polyps usually originate

Answer 4

from the middle ear or auditory tube

Question 5

compare and contrast laryngeal paralysis between dogs and horses

Answer 5

horses: left side mostly affected (unilateral)

Dogs: bilateral, can be associated with generalized neuromuscular disorders

Both: similar muscle and nerve changes, both most commonly idiopathic

Question 6

Laryngeal and tracheal edema is secondary to

Answer 6

acute inflammation like anaphylaxis

Question 7

true or false, laryngeal tracheal edema causes fluid to build up in the lumen of the trachea

Answer 7

false, its the edema in the lining of the trachea that causes the tissue to block the airway- you cannot drain this fluid out of the lumen

Question 8

tracheal edema and hemorrhage syndrome is also called? Occurs commonly in?

Answer 8

Honker syndrome, feed lot cattle

Question 9

Why does TEHS occur in feedlot cattle

Answer 9

they’re heavier and under more stress, the rapid breathing causes mechanical damage which then is further damaged as it swells into the airway

Question 10

Inclusion body rhinitis is caused by

Answer 10

suid herpesvirus 2

Question 11

what age group of piglets will become systemically ill from inclusion body rhinitis

Answer 11

under 3 weeks

Question 12

what clinical and histological signs will you see with inclusion body rhinitis

Answer 12

clinical - catarrhal rhinitis
histo- cytomegaly with large intranuclear viral inclusion bodies

Question 13

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is caused by

Answer 13

bovine herpesvirus 1

Question 14

why are secondary bacterial infections common in IBR

Answer 14

because bovine herpesvirus 1 is an alphaherpesvirus which causes lytic and necrotic infection of epithelium- easy for bacteria to get in there

Question 15

what lesions are associated with IBR

Answer 15

hyperemia lesions with petechial hemorrhage and pustules leading to fibro necrotic membrane formation

Question 16

on histo examination what will you see with IBR

Answer 16

epithelial cell lysis and necrosis, pink intranuclear inclusions

Question 16

what are differential dx for IBR

Answer 16

aspiration of chemicals (stomach acid)
other virus like BPIV3

Question 17

Feline viral rhinotracheitis is caused by

Answer 17

feline herpesvirus 1, an alphaherpesvirus like BHV1

Question 18

what gross lesions do you see with feline viral rhinotracheitis

Answer 18

crusting around the eyes and nose, erosion of the nasal mucosa VERY RARE to see ulceration of the tongue

Question 19

what are differential dx for cats with herpesvirus infection? how do you differentiate?

Answer 19

feline calicivirus- oral ulcers are a characteristic lesions and not common in herpes

chlamydia felis - not a virus

Question 20

what are the 3 examples of viral rhinitis given in class, what are they caused by?

Answer 20

inclusion body rhinitis in pigs
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in cows
feline viral rhinotracheitis

all caused by herpesviruses (beta, alpha, alpha)

Question 21

what are the two examples of bacterial rhinitis given in class

Answer 21

atrophic in pigs and equine strangles

Question 22

when is atrophic rhiitis commonly dx in pigs

Answer 22

6-12 weeks of age

Question 23

what are the two forms of atrophic rhinitis? what bacteria causes each form?

Answer 23

non-progressive caused by bordetella bronchiseptica, and progressive atrophic rhinitis caused by pasteurella multocida

Question 24

which form of atrophic rhinitis causes bone reabsorption and snout malformation

Answer 24

progressive atrophic rhinitis- p. multocida produce cytotoxins that cause the reabsorption and malforamtion

Question 25

why is progressive atrophic rhinitis usually co infected with bordetella bronchiseptica

Answer 25

because pasteurella multocida is not able to colonize the nasal mucosa until there is already ulceration caused by another pathogen. in this case toxin producing strains of bordetella bronchiseptica

Question 26

how do you dx PAR? why is culture not enough?

Answer 26

must detect the toxin through PCR or ELISA- cannot just culture because some pasteurelle maltocida do not produce the toxins

Question 27

equine strangles is caused by what bacteria ?

Answer 27

streptococcus equi spp equi

Question 28

what is a Ddx for equine strangles

Answer 28

streptococcus equi spp zooepidemicus- a commensal bacteria. spp equi is NOT commensal

Question 29

what are clinical signs of strangles?

Answer 29

lymphnode abscess

Question 30

what are the potential complications of strangles

Answer 30

gutteral pouch empyema, pneumonia, bastard strangles, purpura hemorrhagica

Question 31

what are the examples of fungal rhinitis discussed in class

Answer 31

aspergillus fumigatus, cryptococcus, rhinosporidiosis,

Question 32

what type of rhinitis will you see with aspergillus fumigatus

Answer 32

suppurative, caseous, or hemorrhagic

Question 33

what will you appreciate grossly with a. fumigatus infection

Answer 33

yellow or green black fungal matt in the surface of the turbinate, possible turbinate lysis and remodeling causing a change in snout appearance,

Question 34

what is the most common cause of fungal rhinitis in dogs? cats?

Answer 34

dogs - aspergillus fumigatus, cats- cryptococcus

Question 35

what are the two significant species of cryptococcus

Answer 35

c. neogromans and c. gattii

Question 36

where is cryptococcus found

Answer 36

soil and bird poop

Question 37

what are the clinical signs of cryptococcus infection? what is important to remember when treating an animal that may be infected

Answer 37

clinical signs: nasal infection, facial swelling, systemic infection. crypto is zoonotic!

Question 38

rhinosporidiosis is caused by

Answer 38

rhinosporidium seeberi

Question 39

what is the clinical manifestation f rhinosporidosis

Answer 39

usually a unilateral nasal polyp, probably on a dog that was just imported from a tropical place

Question 40

what are the parasitic rhinitis we covered in class

Answer 40

oestrus ovis- sheep bot fly oslerus osleri- tracheal nematode of canids

Question 41

guttural pouch disease is a umbrella terms for conditions that include

Answer 41

guttural pouch mycosis usually due to aspergillus guttural pouch empyema as a complication from strangles guttural pouch tympany

Question 42

what are the clinical consequences of guttural pouch disease

Answer 42

exsanguination, laryngeal paralysis, horners syndrome, facial paralysis

Question 43

primary nasal tumors are more common in ____ while paranasal sinus tumors are more common in _____

Answer 43

cats and dogs, horses

Question 44

in order of most to lease common, the primary nasal tumors that most commonly affect dogs and cats are

Answer 44

carcinomas, chondrosarcomas, fibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma

Question 45

which nasal tumor are you likely to find in dogs? cats? horses?

Answer 45

dogs - nasal adenocarcinoma cats and horses - nasal squamous cell carcinoma

Question 46

what is the most common upper resp tumor of cats

Answer 46

nasal lymphoma

Question 47

what is the name of the viral associated tumor in sheep and goats discussed in class

Answer 47

enzootic nasal tumor

Question 48

the mucosa of the conducting system is composed of

Answer 48

pseudostratified ciliated respiratory epithelial cells

Question 49

compare a bronchus to a bronchiole

Answer 49

bronchus is apart of the conducting portion broncus has smooth muscle and cartilage (decreasingly so as airway gets smaller), the bronchus has ciliated epithelium and glands (goblet cells) there is no cartilage lining a bronchiole, some smooth muscle the lumen of bronchioles have club cells fewer defense mechanisms less structural support

Question 50

define type 1 pneumocytes

Answer 50

they cover 95% of the alveolar surface and are thin and are involved in gas exchange and CANNOT divide

Question 51

define a type II pneumocyte

Answer 51

cover 5% of the alveolar surface and are cuboidal they secrete surfactant and are proginator cells for type 1 pneumocytes

Question 52

what are the 6 layers of the blood air barrier

Answer 52

1. alveolar surfactant 2. type 1 pneumocytes 3. basal lamina of type 1 pneumocytes 4. interstitial connective tissue layer 5. basal lamina of the capillary endothelial cell 6. capillary endothelial cell

Question 53

what 3 points explains why the respiratory system is vulnerable to airborne injury

Answer 53

1. Extensive SA of the alveoli 2. large vol of air 3. concentration of noxious elements in the air is high

Question 54

what do club cells do?

Answer 54

detoxification of xenobiotics via mixed function oxidases and produce protective secretions against oxidative stress and inflammation and produce surfactant

Question 55

what are the defense mechanisms of the conducting system

Answer 55

mucocillary clearance, antibodies, lysosomes mucus coughing sneezing

Question 56

what are the defense mechanisms of the transitional system

Answer 56

club cells antioxidants lysozyme antibodies

Question 57

what are the defense mechanisms of the exchange system

Answer 57

alveolar macrophages, intravascular macrophages, surfactant , antioxidants and antibodies