respiratory 2

Question 1

what is atelectasis, gross features?

Answer 1

incomplete distention of the alveoli- affected areas are sunken and darker

Question 2

what are the two forms of atelectasis

Answer 2

congenital (not inflated at birth) and acquired (after inflation)

Question 3

what are the two types of acquired atelectasis, give example for each

Answer 3

compressive- mass outside the lungs, bloat causing the stomach to put pressure on lung, effusions
obstructive- narrowed airway lumen, obstruction via mucus exudate parasites

Question 4

in animals, secondary emphysema occurs due to

Answer 4

obstruction of an airway

Question 5

secondary emphysema is commonly seen with

Answer 5

bronchopneumonia

Question 6

define emphysema

Answer 6

distention and rupture of alveolar walls leading to bubbles in the lungs

Question 7

pulmonary congestion is most likely caused by

Answer 7

heart failure

Question 8

what are heart failure cells

Answer 8

alveolar macrophages filled with RBC

Question 9

what are the examples of circulatory disturbances leading to respiratory disease discussed in class

Answer 9

pulmonary congestion
pulmonary hemorrhage
edema
ARDS
embolism

Question 10

where is fluid collecting in pulmonary edema

Answer 10

pulmonary interstitium and alveoli

Question 11

what are the 2 main categories of pulmonary edema

Answer 11

cardiogenic (hydrostatic)
permeability (inflammation related)

Question 12

EXTENSIVE froth in the trachea is a post mortem sign that

Answer 12

that cause of death was pulmonary edema

Question 13

what are the lesions that indicate pulmonary edema

Answer 13

• lungs fail to collapse after opening the chest
• prominent interlobular spacing
• darker lung, heavy and wet

Question 14

what is ADRS

Answer 14

acute respiratory distress syndrome (shock lung)- a clinical diagnosis

Question 15

what are some embolisms that cause lodge in the lungs

Answer 15

• thromboemboli (usualy insignificant)
  -septic emboli
• fat emboli (rare)
• tumor emboli (common)

Question 16

a dog with periosteal proliferation of the distal limb bones (hypertrophic osteopathy) will likely have

Answer 16

intrathoracic mass

Question 17

lung torsions are rare, but when reported its likely the dog______ and the _____lobe is affected

Answer 17

is a deep chested breed, the right lobe

Question 18

pulmonary mineralization is most commonly associated with

Answer 18

kidney failure (uremic pneumonopathy)

Question 19

besides kidney failure what are the other common causes of pulmonary mineralization

Answer 19

hypervitaminosis D
systemic hypercalcemia
multifocal osseous metaplasia

Question 20

what is the condition called that causes black spots on the lungs that pose no significance

Answer 20

melanosis

Question 21

what are the common types of pneumonia

Answer 21

bronchopneumonia
interstitial pneumonia
granulomatous pneumonia
embolic pneumonia

Question 22

what do the gross manifestations of pneumonia depend on

Answer 22

1. portal of entry
2. type of pathogen

Question 23

what is the pattern of bronchopneumonia

Answer 23

cranioventral

Question 24

bronchopuemonia is caused by

Answer 24

inhalation of bacteria, stomach contents, or stomach tubing contents

Question 25

what are the 3 most common sequels of suppurative bronchopneumonia

Answer 25

1. pleural adhesions 2. lung abscesses 3. bronchiectasis

Question 26

true or false: fibrous attachments are easy to peel off

Answer 26

false, fibrin attachments are easy to peel off

Question 27

what is bronchiectasis

Answer 27

the rupture and dilation of a bronchial wall due to the effects of enzymes during inflammation- an irreversible lesion

Question 28

where is the inflammation centered in interstitial pneumonia

Answer 28

alveolar interstitium- basement membranes and connective tissue

Question 29

gross lesions of interstitial pneumonia are

Answer 29

rubbery lungs with rib imprints and fail to collapse when the thorax is opened

Question 30

what can cause interstitial pneumonia, give 4 examples

Answer 30

viruses, toxic gases, endothelial damage, antigen antibody complex deposition NOT BACTERIA

Question 31

true or false: you cannot dx bronchointerstitial pneumonia based on gross examination of the lung

Answer 31

true - need histo

Question 32

granulomatous pneumonia is most commonly caused by

Answer 32

phagocytosis-resistant bacteria like myobacterium or rhodococcus systemic fungal disease like blastomyces, coccidioides, histoplasma, crypto rarely migration of parasite larvae

Question 33

what is the route of entry for granulomatous pneumonia

Answer 33

aerogenous route, hematogenous

Question 34

where is the inflammation centered in embolic pneumonia

Answer 34

blood arterioles and capillaries

Question 35

what is the port of entry for embolic pneumonia

Answer 35

heamtogenous