Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

TAS > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is primary ciliary dyskinesia

A

Autosomal recessive condition of impaired mucociliary clearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which mutations are seen in primary ciliary dyskinesia

A

DNAI1 and DNAH5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is primary ciliary dyskinesia associated with

A

situs inversus - Kartager syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pathophysiology of primary ciliary dyskinesia

A

lack of dynein arms on cilia microtubule which leads to dyskinetic ciliary beat motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Obstructive sleep apnoea - when is it most common

A

2- 8 year olds
More common in boys

Common cause - adenotonsillar hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is pathophysiology of OSA

A

partial or complete obstruction of upper respiratory during sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the gold standard test for OSA

A

Polysomnography - >5 apnoea episodes

ECG - right ventricular hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is vital capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Definition of total lung capacity

A

total volume of air in lungs following maximal inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Residual volume

A

volume of air remaining after maximal expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Four stages of pneumonia

A
  1. Vascular congestion and alveoli oedema
  2. Significant infiltration of RBCSfibrin and neutrophils
    3, Grey hepatisation - breakdown of fibrin and RBCcreate fibrinopurlent exudate
  3. Resoltion - macrophage clearing exudate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Classic triad of submucosal cleft palate

A

Bifid uvula
Absent or notched posterior nasal spine
Transulucent or blue area in midline of soft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the embryonic phase of resp. system?

A

respiratory bud arises from the ventral surface of foregut

3-5 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the psudoglandular phase of respiratory system?

A

6-16 weeks

Bronchial tree is formed
Smooth muscle present in trachea and bronchi from 10 weeks
Cartilage develops from 6 weeks
Cilliated cells seen 12 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the canalicular phase of respiratory system

A

17 - 24 weeks

Distal airways develop
Epithelial cells subdivide into type 1 pneumocytes for gas exchange and type 2 pneumocystis for surfactant production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is saccular phase?

A

24 weeks to term

Terminal sacs, alveol ducts and alveoli form increasing surfactant production from 23/24 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What controls breathing

A

Autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens to breathing during REM

A

Automatic decrease in accessory muscle activity accompanied by an increase in upper airway resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fetal Hb and 2,3 DBG

A

Fetal Hb doesn’t bind to 2,3DBG efficiently -> holds onto oxygen more -> oxygen less readily delivered to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dissociative curve

A

If Hb binds to oxygen more strongly, dissociation curve shifted to left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What shifts dissociate curve to right

A

Increase in hydogen ions, 2-3-diphosphoglycerate and carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is forced expieroatory flow

A

Mean maximal flow in the middle 50% of FVC

more sensitive but more variable than FEV1 in assessing obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Peak expiratory flow rate

A

maximal flow able to be generate in litres per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is most sensitive marker of small to moderate airway obstruction

A

forced expiratory flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Chronic obliterative bronchiolitis - symptoms

A

Cough
Wheeze
pyrexi a
Tachypnoea - all fail to resolve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Chronic obliterative bronchiolitis - causes

A

Infection - adenovirus and chronic aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

CT changes for chronic obliterative bronchiolitis

A

High resolution CT scan
pATCHY HYPERINFLATION WITH MOSAIC ATTENUATION APPEARANVE OF THE LUNGS

26
Q

What is bronchiectasis

A

Abnormal dilatation of bronchi - from chronic airway inflammation (neutrophilic)

Persisten moist cough, clubbing and local chest signs

27
Q

Causes of bronchiectasis

A

Post infamous - measles, pertussis, severe pneumonia
Immune dysfunction - hypogammaglobulinaemia, neutrophil dysfunction, HIV
Impaired mucocillary clearance - PCD, CF
Systemic disorders - RA, IBD

28
Q

Where is CTFR found

A

Found in epithelial cells - allows chlorides to move out into mucus which covers it

Na ions will follow passively increasing mucus electrolyte concentration

29
Q

Where is mucus produced

A

Goblet cells

30
Q

SABA

A

B2 receptors found in throat and down to terminal airways

beta agonists
Hydrophilic

31
Q

LABA’s

A

B2 receptors

binding to beta adrenergic receptor -> stimulation of adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP formation

Hydrophobic

32
Q

Anticholinergics

A

Muscarinic receptor antagonist -> prevent cholinergic nerve-induced bronchial constriction

Ipratropium bromide

33
Q

Pharamcology of corticosteroids

A

Pass through cell membrane of inflammatory cells - including cells in lung
In cytoplasm - they attach themselves to glucocorticoid receptors
Increase transcription of the genes that suppress inflammation and reduce transcription o those which enhance inflammation

34
Q

Leukotriene receptor antagonists

A

High levels of leukotrienes in asthma
Cysteinyl leukotrienes are derived frim arachidonic acid using enzyme 5-lipooxygenase

35
Q

What do leukotrienes do

A

Increase mucus production
Bronchoconstriction
Eosinophil recruitment
Exudation of plasma

36
Q

What is omalizumab

A

Recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody which bings to circulating IgE

This binding prevents IgE from activating IgE receptors on inflammatory cells (mast cells) and blocks response to specific aeroallergens

37
Q

Theophyllines MoA

A

inhibition of phosphodiesterase -> increase in intracellular cyclic AMP -> bronco dilatation

38
Q

What treatment is for pseudomonas infections

A

Colomycin

39
Q

How does colomycin work

A

Cationitc agent that damages bacterial cell membrane

39
Q

How does tobramycin work

A

It is an aminoglycoside

Bactericidal

40
Q

What results in low fractional excretion of nitric oxide

A

Katagener syndrome

41
Q

What is alveolar capillary dysplasia

A

Misalignment of pulmonary veins

Pulmonary arteries are hypertrophied

42
Q

What histological features would you see in alveolar capillary dysplasia

A

Defiencet alveolar capillaries in alveolar walls

43
Q

Features of alveolar capillary dysplasia

A

Couple of hours after both to days - response distress and pulmonary HTN

Resistant to pulmonary hypertension treatment (NO and extracopeal membranE oxygenation)

44
Q

Triad of Pierre-Robin sequence

A

Small jaw
Glossoptosis (posterior replacement of tongue to pharynx)
Airway obstruction

-Inverted U Shape cleft palate
Oligohydamnios

45
Q

obstructive picture of respiratory disease in spirometry

A

Decreased FEV1: FVC
Increased RV : TLC

46
Q

Restrictive picture in spirometry

A

Normal FEV1 : fvc
Increased RV : TLC

47
Q

High risk determinates of pulmonary hypertension

A

systemic venous saturation <60%
echo findings right artery / right ventricular enlargement
reduced left ventricular size
increased RV/LVratio
pericardial effusion
mean right atrial pressure >10

48
Q

What type of reaction is allergic rhinitis

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity

49
Q

common cause of pneumonia

A

mycoplasma pneumonia
strep pneumonia

50
Q

Obstructive picture in spirometry

A

Reduced FEV1

FEVz/ FVC ratio <70%

51
Q

Restrictive picture in spirometry

A

FEV1:FVC > 70%

Both FEV1 and FVC are reduced

52
Q

What type of bacteria is pseudomonas

A

gram negative rod

53
Q

What settings do you change on a ventilator if you want to decrease CO2 levels

A

increase tidal volume
increase RR
increase PIP

decrease PEEP

54
Q

What settings do you change on a ventilator in you need to improve oxygen saturation levels

A

increase PEEP

Increase Fi01
Increase Map

55
Q

TB Mantoux test results

A

> 5mm with no BCG = positive
10mm if had BCG = postive

56
Q

Sensoroneural loss

A

damage to inner ear (Cochlear damage), nerve or auditory processing part of brain )

Irreversible

57
Q

Conductive loss

A

unable to pass from outer ear to inner ear

temporary

58
Q

Rhinnes test

A

bone conduction vs air conduction

normal - air conduction > bone conduction

59
Q

Webers test

A

Conduction loss - localise to affected side
Sensorineural loss - localise to good ear

60
Q

Group A strep bacteria

A

postive cocci

61
Q

Spirometry results - mild, moderate, severe, very severe

A

mild - Z score <-2 , FEV1:FVC ratio <70%
moderation Z -2 - -2.5
Severe Z score -2.5- -3
Very severe <35%, -3 - -4

62
Q

Results of asthma

A

FEV1 reduced
FEVC/FVC <70%
FeNo >35
Bronchodilator reversibility >12%
Peak variability >20% in one week

63
Q

Severe asthma attack

A

SpO2 <92%
Unable to talk in full sentences
HR >140, >125
RR >40 >30
PEF 33-50%

TAS (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions