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HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY > RESPIRATORY > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY Flashcards

1
Q

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures

A

Upper respiratory system

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2
Q

Inferior to the pharynx

A

lower respiratory system

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3
Q

Trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs

A

Lower respiratory system

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4
Q

consists of:
- All airways that carry air to lungs: nose, pharynx,
trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal
bronchioles.

A

“Conducting Zone”

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5
Q

to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it
into the lungs (passageway)

A

“Conducting Zone”

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6
Q

Sites within lungs where gas exchange occurs
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs,
and alveoli.

A

“Respiratory Zone”

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7
Q

Function: gas exchange

A

Respiratory Zone

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8
Q

branch of medicine that deals with the
diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ears, nose, and throat.

A

Otorhinolaryngology

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9
Q

divides nose into two sides.

A

Nasal septum

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10
Q

covered by mucous membrane

A

Nasal conchae

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11
Q

Functions
- Warm, humidify, filter/trap dust and microbes.
-Detect olfactory stimuli.
- Modify vocal sounds.

A

NOSE

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12
Q

Known as the “throat”

A

PHARYNX

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13
Q

posterior to nose.

A

nasopharynx

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14
Q

Funnel-shaped tube from internal nares to larynx.

A

PHARYNX

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15
Q

posterior to nose.

A

nasopharynx

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16
Q

Contains adenoids (pharyngeal tonsil) and
openings of auditory (Eustachian) tubes.

A

nasopharynx

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17
Q

posterior to mouth.

A

oropharynx

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18
Q

2 pairs of tonsils in oropharynx

A

Palatine and lingual tonsils

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19
Q

Connects with both esophagus and larynx: food
and air.

A

laryngopharynx

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20
Q

-“Voice Box”
-Made largely of cartilage (9 cartilages)

A

LARYNX

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21
Q

leaf-shaped piece; covers airway

A

Epiglottis

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22
Q

inferior most portion

A

Cricoid cartilage

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23
Q

(paired, small) superior to cricoid.

A

Arytenoids

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24
Q

vertical folds or false vocal cords

A

Upper/superior

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25
Q

support vocal folds
and lateral aspects of the epiglottis.(paired)

A

Cuneiform cartilages

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26
Q

horn-shaped pieces
of elastic cartilage, located at the apex of each
arytenoid cartilage.(paired)

A

Corniculate cartilages

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27
Q

holding breath

A

Vestibular folds

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28
Q

vocal folds or true vocal cords

A

Lower/inferior

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29
Q

Mucous membrane of larynx forms two pairs of folds

A

Voice Production

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30
Q

the opening of the focal folds

A

Glottis

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31
Q

inflammation of the larynx that is most often caused by a respiratory infection or irritants such as cigarette smoke.

A

Laryngitis

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32
Q

is found almost exclusively in individuals who smoke.

A

Cancer of the larynx

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33
Q

causes lung cancer

A

cigarette/smoking

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34
Q

measurement of smoking. It is
equivalent of smoking one pack of cigarettes a day
for one year. There are 20 cigarettes in a pack, so if a
person smokes 20 cigarettes a day for one year, it is
called one pack-year.

A

Pack-year

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35
Q

also known as “Windpipe”

A

Trachea

36
Q
  • Anterior to esophagus and thoracic vertebrae
  • Extends from end of larynx to primary bronchi
A

Trachea

37
Q

opening in trachea for tube

A

Tracheostomy

38
Q

Have less cartilage, more smooth muscle

A

Bronchi / Bronchioles

39
Q

contain cartilage rings

A

Bronchi

40
Q

has 3 lobes

A

Right lung

41
Q

has 2 lobes and cardiac notch

A

Left lung

42
Q

attached to diaphragm and lining thoracic wall

A

Parietal pleura

43
Q

attached to lungs

A

Visceral pleura

44
Q

contains lubricating fluid

A

Pleural cavity

45
Q

Broad bottom of lungs

A

base

46
Q

pointy top

A

apex

47
Q

Divided into lobules fed by tertiary bronchi

A

Lung Lobes

48
Q

two types of alveolar epithelial cells.

A

Alveoli

49
Q

choices

are the main sites of gas
exchange.

a. type 2
b. type 3
c. type 1

A

Type I alveolar cells

50
Q

containing microvilli, secretealveolar fluid, which keeps the surface between thecells and the air moist

A

Type II alveolar cells

51
Q

alveoli + capillary

A

Respiratory membrane

52
Q

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air spaces
in the lungs and the blood takes place by diffusion
across the alveolar and capillary walls, which
together form the respiratory membrane.

A

ALVEOLI

53
Q

mostly transmissible through large
respiratory droplets, directly infecting cells of the
upper and lower respiratory tract, especially nasal
ciliated and alveolar epithelial cells.

A

SARSCoV-2

54
Q

regulates blood pressure.

A

ACE2

55
Q

RESPIRATORY: THREE MAJOR STEPS

A

Pulmonary Ventilation
Internal Respiration
External Respiration

56
Q

Moving air in and out of lungs.

A

Pulmonary Ventilation (breathing)

57
Q

Gas exchange between blood and cells.

A

Internal Respiration

58
Q

Gas exchange between alveoli and blood.

A

External Respiration

59
Q
  1. called inspiration
  2. called expiration
A
  1. Inhalation
  2. Exhalation
60
Q

normally passive process due to muscle
relaxation.

A

Exhalation

61
Q

volume of one breath

A

Tidal volume (TV)

61
Q

breaths/min; normal: 12/min

A

Frequency

62
Q

breathing disorder of premature newborns in which
the alveoli do not remain open due to a lack of
surfactant.

A

RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
SYNDROME (RDS)

63
Q

given to mothers to increase
the development of surfactant in the lungs of the baby still
inside the womb.

A

Betamethasone (steroid)

64
Q

Measured by spirometer/respirometer

A

LUNG VOLUME

65
Q

volume of air that
can be inhaled beyond tidal volume (TV).

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

66
Q

volume of air that
can be exhaled beyond TV

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

67
Q

Air remaining in lungs after a maximum expiration

A

residual volume (RV)

68
Q

TV + IRV

A

Inspiratory capacity

69
Q

RV + ERV

A

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

70
Q

IRV + TV + ERV

A

Vital capacity (VC)

71
Q

VC + RV

A

Total lung capacity (TCL)

72
Q

Eupnea

A

normal breathing

73
Q

caused by spasmodic contraction of the
diaphragm + spasmodic closure of the rima glottidis =
sharp sound

A

Hiccup –

74
Q

shallow w/ rib movements

A

Costal breathing

75
Q

deep breathing

A

Diaphragmatic breathing

76
Q

Sum of all partial pressures =

A

atmospheric pressure
(760 mmHg)

77
Q

a colorless and odorless gas
found in exhaust fumes from automobiles, gas
furnaces, and space heaters and in tobacco smoke.

A

Carbon monoxide (CO)

78
Q

administering pure oxygen, which speeds up the
separation of carbon monoxide from hemoglobin.

A

Tx

79
Q

how many percent of O2 is transported bound to hemoglobin in
RBCs.

A

98.5%

80
Q

A group of tests that measure how well the lungs take
in and release air.

A

PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS

81
Q

exists when air moves out of the
lungs at a slower rate than that of a healthy person.

A

Obstructive pattern

82
Q

compliance of the lung is
reduced, which increases the stiffness of the lung and
limits expansion.

A

Restrictive lung disease

83
Q

responsible for limiting
inspiration

A

Pneumotaxic area

84
Q

controls the
intensity of breathing

A

apneustic area

85
Q

voluntary adjustment of patterns.

A

Cortical input

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (11 decks)

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