Respiratory

Question 1

external respiration

Answer 1

gas exchange between lungs and blood

Question 2

internal respiration

Answer 2

gas exchange between blood and tissues

Question 3

function respiratory system

Answer 3

respiration
blood ph regulation
sound production
olfaction/ smell
protection - cilia

Question 4

divisions

Answer 4

structural - upper & lower
functional - conducting ( nose to terminal bronchioles) & respiratory (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct & alveoli)

Question 5

nasal cavity new bits

Answer 5

conchae s m i
meatuses s m i
increase SA, create turbulence allowing temp regulate

Question 6

pharynx parts

Answer 6

choana - nasal cavity to nasophyarynx
nasopharynx - choana to uvula
oropharynx - uvula to epiglottis (join air food)
laryngopharynx - epiglottis to esophagus

Question 7

larynx

Answer 7

voice box
between pharynx and trachea
made of 9 cartilages
3 unpaired - thyroid/adam (big shield), cricoid, epiglottis
3 paired - arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

Question 8

ligaments/ vocal cord

Answer 8

true vocal cords
false/ vestibular vocal cords
opening between is glottis

Question 9

trachea

Answer 9

tough but flexible
10-12cm long, 2 cm diameter
15-20 C shape hyaline cartilage rings w smooth muscle in-between

Question 10

carina

Answer 10

where trachea separates into broncus

Question 11

tracheobronchial tree parts

Answer 11

primary/ main
secondary/ lobar 2 left 3 right
tertiary/ segmental 10 each side
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
16 generations

Question 12

lobes

Answer 12

right - superior middle inferior
left - superior inferior

Question 13

tracheobronchial tree change

Answer 13

decrease passageway diameter
decrease cartilage - rings –> irregular cartilage plates –> elastic fibres
increase in smooth muscle
change in epithelium - pseudo stratified columnar –> simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium

Question 14

respiratory alveoli

Answer 14

on the branches
very few

Question 15

hilum

Answer 15

indentation on medial surface, entry/exit point

Question 16

alveoli two type epithelium
pnuemocytes

Answer 16

type 1 simple squamous - gas exchange
type 2 simple cuboidal - secrete alveolar fluid and surfactant (like detergent)

Question 17

dust cells alveoli

Answer 17

alveolar macrophages
remove fine dust and debris

Question 18

respiratory membrane

Answer 18

3 layers 0.5/1 micrometers~
alveolar epithelium,
fused alveola and capillary basement membrane
capillary endothelium

Question 19

diffusion coefficient

Answer 19

how easily a gas can diffuse out of a liquid
relative number

Question 20

oxygen exchange in body

Answer 20

external: alveoli to blood
internal: blood to tissues

Question 21

co2 exchange in body

Answer 21

external: blood to alveoli
internal: tissues to blood

Question 22

active breathing
muscles inhalation

Answer 22

diaphragm
external intercostal muscles
scalene muscle
pectoralis minor
sternocleidomastoid

Question 23

active breathing
muscles exhalation

Answer 23

relax inspiratory muscles
elastic recoil of lungs, surface tension
internal intercostal
abs

Question 24

inspiratory capacity

Answer 24

the amount of air a person can inspire maximally after normal expiration
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Question 25

functional residual capacity

Answer 25

amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

Question 26

total lung capacity graph

Answer 26

inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + residual volume

Question 27

respiratory rate

Answer 27

number of breaths taken per minute

Question 28

minute ventilation

Answer 28

total amount of air moved into and out of the respiratory system each minute (tidal volume x respiratory rate)

Question 29

anatomic dead space *

Answer 29

space formed by nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

Question 30

alveolar ventilation*

Answer 30

volume of air available for gas exchange per minute

Question 31

forced vital capacity (FVC)

Answer 31

max volume of air that can be forcefully expired as fast as possible after a deep breath in

Question 32

forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV_1sec)

Answer 32

volume of air expired in the first second of the test

Question 33

forced expiratory volume 1% (FEV_1%)

Answer 33

FEV_1sec expressed as a percentage of the FVC

Question 34

dynamic lung test

Answer 34

lung volume in relation to time dependent on rate of flow of air usu determined during repetitive breathing diagnose obstructive lung disease

Question 35

static lung test

Answer 35

independent of rate of air flow determine during one max inspiration/expiration 5 static volume: tidal, inspiratory reserve v, expiatory reserve v, inspiratory and vital capacity

Question 36

obstructive (chart /)

Answer 36

FVC normal FEV1sec low lung volume normal, air way narrow asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

Question 37

Restrictive (chart---)

Answer 37

FVC low FEV1sec low FEV1% normal restricted airway overall lung volume decrease pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, emphysema

Question 38

exercise ventilation adaption

Answer 38

slight increase vital capacity slight decrease residual volume max exercise, tidal volume and minute ventilation increases