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Comparative Anatomy > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

the use of oxygen to break down sugars

A

cellular respiration

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2
Q

facilitates greater gas transfer where the keratinized skin of amniotes does not

A

thin, mucus-covered skin

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3
Q

water can become ______ (low oxygen) or _______( no oxygen)

A

hypoxic

anoxic

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4
Q

fish breathe in what surface layer?

A

supersaturated

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5
Q

unidirectional

A

gills

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6
Q

bidirectional (tidal)

-gasses may mix

A

lungs

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7
Q

endodermal diverticula of pharynx

A

lungs

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8
Q

open and close

A

Glottis

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9
Q

windpipe usually split into two bronchi then goes to bronchioles

A

trachea

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10
Q

first fossil evidence of lung

A

Bothriolepis (placoderm)

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11
Q

act as buoyancy control devices

A

swim bladders

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12
Q

respiratory swim bladders primitively in

A

neopterygians

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13
Q

promitive swim bladder

A

physostomous swim bladder

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14
Q

reatains pneumatic duct to esophagus, air is gulped in and forced to swim bladder

A

physostomous swim bladder

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15
Q

who uses physostomous swim bladder

A

acipsenseriformes and nasal teleosts

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16
Q

Loses pneumatic duct to esophagus

A

physostomous swim bladder

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17
Q

salamanders use this to breath mostly through the skin

A

cutaneous respiration

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18
Q

used by small organisms for ventilation

-retained in tetrapods because basically the outside moves im

A

cillia

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19
Q

reduces surface tenton which can collapse surface

A

(lungs and swim bladders)

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20
Q

fast moving fishes use this and open their mouths and swim

A

ram ventilation

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21
Q

some fish and most amphibians use this

A

2 stroke pump

22
Q

most bony fish and some amphibians use this

A

4 stroke pump

23
Q

brings spent air from lungs to buccal cavity and fresh air in

A

buccal expansion

24
Q

in water, fish can take advantage of _________ _______ to force air out and up into lungs

A

hydrostatic pressure

25
Q

forces air to lungs+ positive pressure

A

buccal pump

26
Q

sucks air in through expansion of thoracic cavity- negative pressure

A

Aspiration pump!

27
Q

in amniote inhilation what is used

A

external intercostals

28
Q

rib cage rotates forward and out to increase cheast cavity

A

external intercostals

-amniotes

29
Q

in mammals what is used for inhilation

A

diaphragm

30
Q

contracts causeing it to be pulled downwards and the thracic cavity is increased so air is drawn in

A

diaphragm

31
Q

in exhalation this returns the rib cage and diaphragm back and air is pushed out

A

elastic recoil

  • light activity
  • passive
32
Q

in exhalation these contract to return rib cage beyond normal position

A

internal intercostals

  • high activity
  • active
33
Q

only fish that uses aspiration breathing

A

Bichir

34
Q

velum scrolls ad unscrolls, the branchial pouches expand and contract. there is no movement of branchial apparatus

A

hagfish

35
Q

ammocoetes flow

-gill lammella medial, not lateral

A

lampreys

36
Q

lamellae may be on one side
use a 2 stroke pump
spriracle often present

A

chondrichthyes

37
Q

lamellae on one side

A

hemibranch

38
Q

lammellae on both sides

A

holobranch

39
Q

each gill is V shaped

A

Bony fish

40
Q

source and sink quickly quilibrate

A

concurrent

41
Q

sink can absorb much more material from the source than in the concurrent system

A

countercurrent and crosscurrent

42
Q

very rate in animals

A

concurrent

43
Q

internal surface of lung with faveoli

A

amphibians

44
Q

may wave external gills in low oxygen water

A

amphibian larvae

45
Q

buccal and pharyngeal force pumps, unidirectional flow

A

anurans

46
Q

favelous and unidirectional flow first seen in

A

birds

sauropsids

47
Q

in crocodilians, what pulls the liver posteriorly

A

diaphragmatic muscles

48
Q

first dino we noticed walking and breathing were linked

A

deinonychus

49
Q

contraction of __________ pulls on _____ and changes thoracic volume so foot falls put pressure on chest forcing air

A

caudotruncus

gastralia

50
Q

most theropods had an ___________ _____ and cervical vert which indicates presence of air sacs

A

pneumatic sacra

51
Q

mammals have what type of diaphragm

A

prehepatic

Comparative Anatomy (14 decks)

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